Tuesday, September 29, 2015

Solution of European Migrants Crsis

Why should only Europe need to give Shelter to these migrants? Where the fuck is muslim Ummah (UAE, Pakistan, Dubai, Iran etc)?? These migrants are crossing sea because these muslim countries are not allowing them to enter in to their countries (UAE, Pakistan, Dubai, Iran etc). They should give asylum to these people rather than giving money for mosques in Europe. Sheikhs of Dubai and UAE are busy in fucking and partying when their muslim brothers are hungry. Where the fuck is Muslim Ummah?? They (previous migrants) do not respect European culture. They (previous migrants) are not educated so giving them job will be a problem (problem for economy). They abuse European Woman, They don't respect their law. These Muslim immigrants are involved in riots in Scandinavian countries . What, Europeans are doing, is a reflection of their previous learning about muslim immigrants. If American are so worried about them than why not America give them asylum.These muslim immigrants are spreading Antisemitism in Europe. There are some good Muslims but they got fucked not because of European Conspiracy but Because of cheater Muslim Ummah. I feel quite bad about the sufferings of these poor migrants. 8-9 % muslims divided India in 1947 and created a terrorist state named Pakistan (of course with British help). Now Brits are facing same problem in London. Germany is doing good for humanitarian point of view. Thumbs UP Germany . But strategic point of view should be considered because this will change the demographics of Germany in next 100 years. Hungary, you are doing over-drama. Only a gentle No was suffice. Hungarian (sorry for generalization) are not better than those muslim Ummah country muslims. "KICK the ass of woman with camera". Are Germany, Poland idot, they stop our IT personals and allow thousands of migrants? Only soluition of this problem is give to Asylum ill or super needy migrants in Europe. Kick Asses of Muslim Nations so that they give Asylum to these refugees. That will also help these refugees to have a similar cultural environment rather than European countries which are more alien to them culturally.

Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys

In 1896, Charles-Edouard Guillaume of France made an interesting and important discovery that earned him the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics; his discovery: an iron–nickel alloy that has a very low (near-zero) coefficient of thermal expansion between room temperature and approximately 2300C. This material became the forerunner of a family of “low-expansion”(also sometimes called “controlled expansion”) metal alloys. Its composition is 64 wt% Fe–36 wt% Ni, and it has been given the trade-name of “Invar” since the length of a specimen of this material is virtually invariable with changes in temperature. Its coefficient of thermal expansion near room temperature is 1.6 X 10-6(0C)-1.
One might surmise that this near zero expansion is explained by a symmetrical potential energy versus interatomic distance curve. Such is not so; rather, this behavior relates to the magnetic characteristics of Invar. Both iron and nickel are ferromagnetic materials .A ferromagnetic material may be made to form a permanent and strong magnet; upon heating, this property disappears at a specific temperature, called the “Curie temperature,” which temperature varies from one ferromagnetic material to another. As a specimen of Invar is heated, its tendency to expand is counteracted by a contraction phenomenon that is associated with its ferromagnetic properties (which is termed “magnetostriction”). Above its Curie temperature (approximately Invar expands in a normal manner, and its coefficient of thermal expansion assumes a much greater value. Heat treating and processing of Invar will also affect its thermal expansion characteristics. The lowest values (α) result for specimens quenched from elevated temperatures (near 8000C) that are then cold worked. Annealing leads to an increase in α. Other low-expansion alloys have been developed.
Other low-expansion alloys have been developed. One of these is called “Super–Invar” because its thermal expansion coefficient [0.72 X 10-6(0C)-1] is lower than the value for Invar. However, the temperature range over which its low expansion characteristics persist is relatively narrow. Compositionally, for Super–Invar some of the nickel in Invar is replaced by another ferromagnetic metal, cobalt; Super–Invar contains 63 wt% Fe, 32 wt% Ni, and 5 wt% Co.
Another such alloy, with the trade-name of “Kovar,” has been designed to have expansion characteristics close to those of borosilicate (or Pyrex) glass; when joined to Pyrex and subjected to temperature variations, thermal stresses and possible fracture at the junction are avoided. The composition of Kovar is 54 wt% Fe, 29 wt% Ni, and 17 wt% Co. These low-expansion alloys are employed in applications that require dimensional stability with temperature fluctuations; these include the following:
• Compensating pendulums and balance wheels for mechanical clocks and watches.
• Structural components in optical and laser measuring systems that require dimensional stabilities on the order of a wavelength of light.
• Bimetallic strips that are used to actuate microswitches in water heating systems.
• Shadow masks on cathode ray tubes that are used for television and display screens; higher contrast, improved brightness, and sharper definition are possible using low-expansion materials.
• Vessels and piping for the storage and piping of liquefied natural gas.
Environmental Properties: Invar - Nickel Iron Alloy
Resistance Factors : 1=Poor 5=Excellent
Flammability
5
Fresh Water
5
Organic Solvents
5
Oxidation at 500C
5
Sea Water
5
Strong Acid
4
Strong Alkalis
5


Material
Invar - Nickel Iron Alloy
Property
Minimum Value (S.I.)
Maximum Value (S.I.)
Units (S.I.)
Minimum Value (Imp.)
Maximum Value (Imp.)
Units (Imp.)
Atomic Volume (average)
0.0068
0.0071
m3/kmol
414.961
433.268
in3/kmol
Density
8.1
8.2
Mg/m3
505.667
511.91
lb/ft3
Energy Content
50
200
MJ/kg
5416.93
21667.7
kcal/lb
Bulk Modulus
106
112
GPa
15.374
16.2442
106 psi
Compressive Strength
240
725
MPa
34.8091
105.152
ksi
Ductility
0.06
0.45

0.06
0.45

Elastic Limit
240
725
MPa
34.8091
105.152
ksi
Endurance Limit
185
405
MPa
26.832
58.7402
ksi
Fracture Toughness
120
150
MPa.m1/2
109.206
136.507
ksi.in1/2
Hardness
1200
2400
MPa
174.045
348.091
ksi
Loss Coefficient
0.0003
0.0011

0.0003
0.0011

Modulus of Rupture
240
725
MPa
34.8091
105.152
ksi
Poisson's Ratio
0.28
0.3

0.28
0.3

Shear Modulus
54
58
GPa
7.83204
8.41219
106 psi
Tensile Strength
445
810
MPa
64.5418
117.481
ksi
Young's Modulus
137
145
GPa
19.8702
21.0305
106 psi
Glass Temperature


K


°F
Latent Heat of Fusion
270
290
kJ/kg
116.079
124.677
BTU/lb
Maximum Service Temperature
600
700
K
620.33
800.33
°F
Melting Point
1690
1710
K
2582.33
2618.33
°F
Minimum Service Temperature
0
0
K
-459.67
-459.67
°F
Specific Heat
505
525
J/kg.K
0.390798
0.406276
BTU/lb.F
Thermal Conductivity
12
15
W/m.K
22.4644
28.0805
BTU.ft/h.ft2.F
Thermal Expansion
0.5
2
10-6/K
0.9
3.6
10-6/°F
Breakdown Potential


MV/m


V/mil
Dielectric Constant






Resistivity
75
85
10-8 ohm.m
75
85
10-8 ohm.m