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Workers
in England and Germany began forming associations to fight for better living
and working conditions. They set up funds to help members in times of distress
and demanded a reduction of working hours and the right to vote. In Germany,
these associations worked closely with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and
helped it win parliamentary seats. By 1905, socialists and trade unionists
formed a Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France. However, till
1914, socialists never succeeded in forming a government in Europe. Represented
by strong figures in parliamentary politics, their ideas did shape legislation,
but governments continued to be run by conservatives, liberals and radicals.
The
Russian Revolution:
In
one of the least industrialised of European states this situation was reversed.
Socialists took over the government in Russia through the October Revolution of
1917. The fall of monarchy in February 1917 and the events of October are
normally called the Russian Revolution.
How
did this come about? What were the social and political conditions in Russia
when the revolution occurred?
The
Russian Empire in 1914:
In
1914, Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia and its empire. Besides the territory
around Moscow, the Russian empire included current-day Finland, Latvia,
Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. It stretched to the
Pacific and comprised today’s Central Asian states, as well as Georgia, Armenia
and Azerbaijan. The majority religion was Russian Orthodox Christianity - which
had grown out of the Greek Orthodox Church - but the empire also included
Catholics, Protestants, Muslims and Buddhists.
Russian Dynasty Before Revolution:
Reference:
NCERT Text book India and the Contempoarary World-I class-9
History.com
http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item107422.html
http://www.reformation.org/russian-branch-of-british-secret-service.html
http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-19#transcript
Nicholas II (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Tsar Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. Like other Russian Emperors he is commonly known by the monarchical title Tsar (though Russia formally ended the Tsardom in 1721). He is known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church and has been referred to as Saint Nicholas the Martyr.
Nicholas was the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia (formerly Princess Dagmar of Denmark). He had five younger siblings: Alexander (1869–1870), George (1871–1899), Xenia (1875–1960), Michael (1878–1918) and Olga (1882–1960). Nicholas often referred to his father nostalgically in letters after Alexander's death in 1894. He was also very close to his mother, as revealed in their published letters to each other.
His paternal grandparents were Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (born Princess Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt). His maternal grandparents were King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark. Nicholas was of primarily German, as well as Russian and Danish descent.
Nicholas was related to several monarchs in Europe. His mother's siblings included Kings Frederik VIII of Denmark and George I of Greece as well as the United Kingdom's Queen Alexandra (consort of King Edward VII). Nicholas, his wife, Alexandra, and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany were all first cousins of King George V of the United Kingdom. Nicholas was also a first cousin of both King Haakon VII and Queen Maud of Norway, as well as King Constantine I of Greece. While not first cousins, Nicholas and Kaiser Wilhelm II were second cousins, once removed, as each descended from King Frederick William III of Prussia, as well as third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandsons of Tsar Paul I of Russia. Nicholas and his wife, Alexandra, were also second cousins, as both descended from Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and his wife, Wilhelmine of Baden.
Nicholas II ruled from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Political enemies nicknamed him Nicholas the Bloody because of the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, his violent suppression of the 1905 Revolution, his execution of political opponents and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War.
Nicholas II; his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna; his son, Alexei Nikolaevich; his four daughters, Olga Nikolaevna, Tatiana Nikolaevna, Maria Nikolaevna and Anastasia Nikolaevna; the family's medical doctor, Evgeny Botkin; the Emperor's footman, Alexei Trupp; the Empress' maidservant, Anna Demidova; and the family's cook, Ivan Kharitonov, were executed in the same room by the Bolsheviks on the night of 16/17 July 1918.
This led to the canonisation of Nicholas II, his wife the Empress Alexandra and their children as passion bearers, a title commemorating believers who face death in a Christ-like manner, on 15 August 2000 by the Russian Orthodox Church within Russia and, in 1981, as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, located in New York City.
Empress Alexandra , Wife of Nicholas II
Alexandra Feodorovna (6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918), was Empress consort of Russia as the spouse of Nicholas II, the last Emperor of the Russian Empire. Born as Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, she was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Upon being received into the Russian Orthodox Church, she was given the name Alexandra Feodorovna and in 2000 she was canonized as Saint Alexandra the Passion Bearer. Alexandra was also a maternal great-aunt of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and first cousin twice-removed to his wife Queen Elizabeth II.
Alexandra is best remembered as the last Tsaritsa of Russia, as one of the most famous royal carriers of the haemophilia disease, and for her support of autocratic control over the country. Her friendship with the Russian mystic and holy man, Grigori Rasputin, was also an important factor in her life.
Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin 21 January [O.S. 9 January] 1869 – 30 December [O.S. 17 December] 1916) was a Russian peasant, mystical faith healer and a trusted friend to the family of Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia. He became an influential figure in Saint Petersburg, especially after August 1915 when Nicholas took command of the army at the front.
There is much uncertainty over Rasputin's life and the degree of influence he exerted over the shy and irresolute Tsar and Alexandra Feodorovna, his nervous and depressed wife. Accounts are often based on dubious memoirs, hearsay and legend.Before 1915, however, Rasputin's sway was sporadic rather than permanent.While his influence and position may have been exaggerated—he had become synonymous with power, debauchery and lust—historians agree that his presence played a significant role in the increasing unpopularity of the Imperial couple.
Rasputin is connected with the downfall of the Russian monarchy; his disappearance would strengthen the throne. Rasputin was murdered by Felix Yusupov (the only niece of the Tsar) as he was seen by both the left and right to be the root cause of Russia's despair during World War I.
Reference:
NCERT Text book India and the Contempoarary World-I class-9
History.com
http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item107422.html
http://www.reformation.org/russian-branch-of-british-secret-service.html
http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-19#transcript
