Why are beverages in aluminum and glass containers retain their carbonization for longer time, whereas those in two-liter plastic bottles “go flat” within a few months?

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One common item that presents some interesting material property requirements is the container for carbonated beverages.

The material used for this application must satisfy the following constraints:

(1) Should act a barrier to the passage of carbon dioxide, which is under pressure in

the container;

(2) Should be nontoxic, unreactive with the beverage, and, preferably be recyclable;

(3) Should be relatively strong, and capable of surviving a drop from a height of several feet when containing the beverage;

 (4)Should be inexpensive

 (5) if optically transparent, retain its optical clarity.

(6) capable of being produced having different colors and/or able to be adorned with

 decorative labels.

All three of the basic material types—metal (aluminum), ceramic (glass), and polymer (polyester

plastic)—are used for carbonated beverage containers .

Material	Point 1	Point 2	Point 3	Point 4	Point 5	Point 6
Metal (aluminum)	very good barrier to the diffusion of carbon dioxide	Nontoxic Unreactive Recyclable	relatively strong (but easily dented)	expensive to produce	cans are optically opaque	labels may  be painted  onto its surface
ceramic (glass)	impervious  to the passage of carbon dioxide w.r.t Aluminum	Nontoxic Unreactive Recyclable	allow cracks and factures easily, Heavy	Inexpensive in comparison to Aluminum	optically transparent	labels may  be painted  onto its surface
polymer (polyester plastic	more  impervious to the passage of carbon dioxide w.r.t  the aluminum and glass	Nontoxic Unreactive Recyclable	relatively strong than glass, light	Cheapest	optically transparent and optically opaque	labels may  be painted  onto its surface

Red: -ve point
Green: +ve point

Science and Bible :Part 2

Bible Taken from:

http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Genesis-Chapter-2/

Genesis: Chapter 2 1 Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. 2 And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. 3 And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made. 4 These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, 5 And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground. 6 But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground. 7 And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. 8 And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. 9 And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. 10 And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. 11 The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; 12 And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone. 13 And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia. 14 And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates. 15 And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it. 16 And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: 17 But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. 18 And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. 19 And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. 20 And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. 21 And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; 22 And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. 23 And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. 24 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh. 25 And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.

Genesis Chapter 2 is good enough for a medieval mind which did not understand much of the universe. So collectors, who collected the Bible from different sources, picked the verse which held God/Allah (A name for unknown origin) accountable for everything. But there are some logical problems with this particular section. 1. This particular section ruled out existence of bacteria, virus and other micro-organisms. Verse no.19 and no.5, 20, 21 logically eliminate the possibility of the existence of micro-organisms (bacteria, virus etc.).As Adam have given the name to everything which is created by “GOD”. If God/Allah created   bacteria, virus then Adam should have given them (micro organisms) some sort of names. This leads to a logical conclusion that mankind knew about micro-organisms even before birth of Christ!!!!! But as a fact we know humanity was unaware of existence micro-organisms (bacteria, virus etc.) till 17th century. 2. Verse no. 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 is clear example of medieval and incomplete information of world map when these verses are written. These verses clearly shows the intention of writer treating Garden of Eden (probably imaginary as well) as a far better place (with ample amount of water) to live than the dry/dessert area in which he (writer) probably used to live. 3. Verse no.10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 clearly shows that writer did not know anything about much bigger rivers like Amazon, Ganga and Brahmputra. Due to his limited knowledge he (writer) wrote the name of locally known rivers. 4. Verse no. 21, 22 and 23 clearly shows these verses were written by some men, not by women. 5. Verse no. 21, 22 and 23 was foundation stones of suppression of women over which entire structure of suppression of women was later built  by church. 6. Verse no. 17 is the example of LIE which was spoken by God. As we know in upcoming chapter after eating “the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil or the fruit of tree of life”, Adam remains alive. 7. Verse no. 17 suggests that God didn’t want Adam to eat the fruits of the tree of knowledge of good and evil and the tree of life. There are some serious question with his approach (i). Why he told a lie to Adam? He could have made a wall/a force field or any other kind of mumbo-jumbo by magic to stop Adam.  8. Verse no. 25 suggests God can create universe and stars but not pants!!!! 9. Why did God take Seven days to create universe? He could have done in a minute. 10. It does not explain the existence of newly found underwater cities in India such as Dawarka which are atleast as old as 7000-9000 BCE. 11. It does not explain why stars are fromed or destroyed even today in universe? 12. Why   stars have a age difference of millions of years? This portion of Bible is good explanation of things and universe in ancient and medieval times when Human did not understand much of world around them. So the writers of these verses held God (A name for unknown origin) accountable which they did not understand.