THOUGHT CRACKERS

Tuesday, July 7, 2015

Communication Systems 4th edition Simon Haykin with solution manual

Subscribe this blog by clicking ""join this site button" in upper left corner.
It will help you to remain updated about new posts:

Friday, July 3, 2015

Atheism in Hinduism: (Indian point of View)

First of all we will try to understand what is “GOD” in Hinduism?

In Hinduism there,

Not to be confused with Brahma, the Hindu god, or brahmin, the caste or varna.
Brahman (/ˈbrɑːmən/; Sanskrit: ब्रह्मन्) is a spiritual concept in Hinduism, and it connotes the highest Universal, the Ultimate Reality in the universe. It is, in major schools of Hindu philosophy, the material, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists. It is the pervasive, genderless, infinite, eternal truth and bliss which does not change, yet is the cause of all changes.
The Vedas conceptualize Brahman as the Cosmic Principles.
In the Upanishads, it has been variously described as Sat-cit-ānanda (being consciousness-bliss)and as the highest reality.

Mathematically, Brahman can be represented (however, not entirely a correct way of mathematical representation) as (-∞,∞) U Ø, where Ø represent empty set (in Dr. Mangal das's view point) or much better way to say that Brahman is a Universal SET (in terms of mathematical SET theory). Brahman is not "sea of consciousness" per say but a unknowable Tattva from which everything/incident emerges. From a computer science analogy perspective, Brahman can be understood as all encompassing operating system which is capable of creating small codes on its own. A small code (named maya (virtual reality) is executing itself inside Brahman operating system. Atman can treated as firmware installed in emulated virtual hardware (if you consider reality as simulation) pieces. This firmware has one dominant property named as Ahamkara (i.e. tendency to accept an identity under external influences).

English word “GOD” is not the correct translation of word Brahman. In fact much better translation (if possible) may be “Concept of Cosmic principles” .

Note: I am still in process to complete this page, you can use this information available on this page.

Saturday, June 27, 2015

Science and Bible : Part 1

Bible Taken from:

http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Genesis-Chapter-1/

Genesis: Chapter 1 1In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. 4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. 5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. 6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. 7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. 8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. 9And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. 10And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. 11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And the evening and the morning were the third day. 14 And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: 15 And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. 16 And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. 17And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, 18 And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. 19 And the evening and the morning were the fourth day. 20 And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. 21And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good. 22And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. 23And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. 24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. 25 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.	Scientific Facts: Please suggest scientific papers in good journals, videos about the origin of universe and Earth. Although It is very difficult to say that GOD exist or not. As Hypothesis of GOD can not be proved/disproved by established scientific methods of 19th and 20 th century. But still we can easily prove(with 100 % accuracy) that Bible has major flaws in it from point of view of science. Some of claims in Bible are utterly wrong. For example that universe/earth is created in six days. I will soon upload some easy to understand proofs/videos for common public that earth is not created in six days. Videos which are presented here, give simplified version of scientific facts and some of theories so that it can be easily understood by common people. History of Earth:Wiki The History of Earth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQm6N60bneo Earth - Making Of A Planet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_3PFfMdZ9c How Universe, Gravity comes in to existence can be understood below: For These videos will helpful if you can understand some concept of math, physics. Decoding The Universe \| The Great Math Mystery \| Science Documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE-VN1MevoA Space Documentary - Origin: Back To The Beginning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vn0CwE5WhYA How Big is the Universe:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPq9s4dOis The First Second After The Big Bang - Universe Documentary : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfpH3Zox6m4 Origins How Life Began: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETYfGxfs0l4 The Elegant Universe 1 of 3 Einstein's Dream: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9giLn5UiJw The Elegant Universe 2 of 3 Strings The Thing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9giLn5UiJw The Elegant Universe 3 of 3 Welcome To The 11th Dimension : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36tGKrWY4QE
26 And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. 27So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. 28And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. 29 And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat. 30 And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so. 31 And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.	Common criticism of Darwinism is that "It is a theory" Answer: First of all let us understand what do we mean by word "Theory" in science.[from Wikipedia] "In modern science, the term "theory" refers to scientific theories, a well-confirmed type of explanation of nature, made in a way consistent with scientific method, and fulfilling the criteria required by modern science. Such theories are described in such a way that any scientist in the field is in a position to understand and either provide empirical support ("verify") or empirically contradict ("falsify") it. Scientific theories are the most reliable, rigorous, and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge, in contrast to more common uses of the word "theory" that imply that something is unproven or speculative (which is better characterized by the word 'hypothesis').Scientific theories are distinguished from hypotheses, which are individual empirically testable conjectures, and scientific laws, which are descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions." When scientists say that "Darwinism is a theory". That means we have solid hard proof in favor of Darwinism by the help of which we can certainly (up to very good degree of accuracy) predict how nature works in field of Biology. It is needless to say by the same definition "Gravitational Theory" is also valid concept which a common person feels in every day. Please go to page or videos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology for more information and proofs. Evolution - What Darwin Never Knew https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYBRbCLI4zU BBC Documentary - The Cell 1 of 3 The Hidden Kingdom: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nc9aSq22nmo BBC Documentary - The Cell 2 of 3 The Chemistry Of Life: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2e0mFTbC9E BBC Documentary - The Cell 3 of 3 The Spark Of Life: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2asJq25bG4 Cracking the Code Of Life https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IgSDVD4QEc VIRUS EVOLUTION ( AMAZING DOCUMENTARY): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ms04x6MvMY EVOLUTION - HOW EYES EVOLVED: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_s1cmOjvAQ EVOLUTION - THE EVOLUTION OF FLIGHT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2dXznoURBw EVOLUTION - THE EVOLUTION OF GUTS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_Qhk5ewVjA EVOLUTION - THE EVOLUTION OF SIZE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCJHr4BCLgM EVOLUTION - THE EVOLUTION OF SPEED: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1nMUmgVSM8 EVOLUTION: The Evolution of Communication: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fHLFXEkUT4 Evolution - The Evolution of Shape: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnzfKj3gilU The Evolution of Man: Where did we come from?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-s0McndGpw Creationism and evolution tackled head-on in science lessons \| Guardian Investigations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qr61zni_AxE Nova - scienceNOW: Can We Live Forever?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paJwUUOoAO4 Creationism - The Conspiracy Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGKyzVaF9sI

Wednesday, March 25, 2015

Data Communication Network : Data Link Layer

Thursday, March 12, 2015

Learn photography:Hindi

Sunday, January 25, 2015

google-site-verification: google8e59687a9d2b1b1e.html

Friday, June 20, 2014

Mentor Graphics' Verification Academy

Mentor Graphics' Verification Academy is a first of its kind—unlike anything in the industry. Its goals are to provide the skills necessary to mature an organization's advanced functional verification process capabilities. To this end, the Verification Academy provides a methodological bridge between high-level value propositions (related to advanced verification technology) and the low-level details (related to specific tool and verification language details).

https://verificationacademy.com/

Tuesday, October 15, 2013

SPICE LEVEL 3 MOSFET MODEL

*TAKEN VDD=5V,LMIN=1U
.MODEL MbreakN-X NMOS (LEVEL = 3
+ TOX = 200E-10 NSUB = 1e17 GAMMA = 0.5
+ PHI = 0.7 VTO = 0.8 DELTA = 3.0
+ UO = 650 ETA = 3.0E-6 THETA = 0.1
+ KP = 120E-6 VMAX = 1E5 KAPPA = 0.3
+ RSH = 0 NFS = 1E12 TPG = 1
+ XJ = 500E-9 LD = 100E-9
+ CGDO = 200E-12 CGSO = 200E-12 CGBO = 1E-10
+ CJ = 400E-6 PB = 1 MJ = 0.5
+ CJSW = 300E-12 MJSW = 0.5
+ LAMBDA=0.01 )
*$

.MODEL MbreakP-X PMOS (LEVEL = 3
+ TOX = 200E-10 NSUB = 1E17 GAMMA = 0.6
+ PHI = 0.7 VTO = -0.9 DELTA = 0.1
+ UO = 250 ETA = 0 THETA = 0.1
+ KP = 40E-6 VMAX = 5E4 KAPPA = 1
+ RSH = 0 NFS = 1E12 TPG = -1
+ XJ = 500E-9 LD = 100E-9
+ CGDO = 200E-12 CGSO = 200E-12 CGBO = 1E-10
+ CJ = 400E-6 PB = 1 MJ = 0.5
+ CJSW = 300E-12 MJSW = 0.5
+ LAMBDA=0.0125 )
*$

BSIM MODEL VERSON 3.2 ORCAD16.0 PSPICE

******LMIN=0.25 um (250 nm)(2.5 volt) hspice 49 level psice level7

MODEL CMOSP PMOS ( LEVEL = 7
+VERSION = 3.1 TNOM = 27 TOX = 5.7E-9
+XJ = 1E-7 NCH = 4.1589E17 VTH0 = -0.6193382
+K1 = 0.5275326 K2 = 0.0281819 K3 = 0
+K3B = 11.249555 W0 = 1E-6 NLX = 1E-9
+DVT0W = 0 DVT1W = 0 DVT2W = 0
+DVT0 = 3.1920483 DVT1 = 0.4901788 DVT2 = -0.0295257
+U0 = 185.1288894 UA = 3.40616E-9 UB = 3.640498E-20
+UC = -6.35238E-11 VSAT = 1.975064E5 A0 = 0.4156696
+AGS = 0.0702036 B0 = 3.111154E-6 B1 = 5E-6
+KETA = 0.0253118 A1 = 2.421043E-4 A2 = 0.6754231
+RDSW = 866.896668 PRWG = 0.0362726 PRWB = -0.293946
+WR = 1 WINT = 6.519911E-9 LINT = 2.210804E-8
+XL = 3E-8 XW = 0 DWG = -2.423118E-8
+DWB = 3.052612E-8 VOFF = -0.1161062 NFACTOR = 1.2546896
+CIT = 0 CDSC = 2.4E-4 CDSCD = 0
+CDSCB = 0 ETA0 = 0.7241245 ETAB = -0.3675267
+DSUB = 1.1734643 PCLM = 1.0837457 PDIBLC1 = 9.608442E-4
+PDIBLC2 = 0.0176785 PDIBLCB = -9.605935E-4 DROUT = 0.0735541
+PSCBE1 = 1.579442E10 PSCBE2 = 6.707105E-9 PVAG = 0.0409261
+DELTA = 0.01 MOBMOD = 1 PRT = 0
+UTE = -1.5 KT1 = -0.11 KT1L = 0
+KT2 = 0.022 UA1 = 4.31E-9 UB1 = -7.61E-18
+UC1 = -5.6E-11 AT = 3.3E4 WL = 0
+WLN = 1 WW = 0 WWN = 1
+WWL = 0 LL = 0 LLN = 1
+LW = 0 LWN = 1 LWL = 0
+CAPMOD = 2 XPART = 0.4 CGDO = 5.11E-10
+CGSO = 5.11E-10 CGBO = 1E-11 CJ = 1.882953E-3
+PB = 0.99 MJ = 0.4690946 CJSW = 3.018356E-10
+PBSW = 0.8137064 MJSW = 0.3299497 CF = 0
+PVTH0 = 5.268963E-3 PRDSW = -2.2622317 PK2 = 3.952008E-3
+WKETA = -7.69819E-3 LKETA = -0.0119828 )

.MODEL CMOSN NMOS ( LEVEL = 7
+VERSION = 3.1 TNOM = 27 TOX = 5.7E-9
+XJ = 1E-7 NCH = 2.3549E17 VTH0 = 0.4273342
+K1 = 0.3922983 K2 = 0.0185825 K3 = 1E-3
+K3B = 2.0947677 W0 = 2.171779E-7 NLX = 1.919758E-7
+DVT0W = 0 DVT1W = 0 DVT2W = 0
+DVT0 = 7.137212E-3 DVT1 = 6.066487E-3 DVT2 = -0.3025397
+U0 = 403.1776038 UA = -3.60743E-12 UB = 1.323051E-18
+UC = 2.575123E-11 VSAT = 1.616298E5 A0 = 1.4626549
+AGS = 0.3136349 B0 = 3.080869E-8 B1 = -1E-7
+KETA = 5.462411E-3 A1 = 4.653219E-4 A2 = 0.6191129
+RDSW = 345.624986 PRWG = 0.3183394 PRWB = -0.1441065
+WR = 1 WINT = 8.107812E-9 LINT = 3.375523E-9
+XL = 3E-8 XW = 0 DWG = 6.420502E-10
+DWB = 1.042094E-8 VOFF = -0.1083577 NFACTOR = 1.1884386
+CIT = 0 CDSC = 2.4E-4 CDSCD = 0
+CDSCB = 0 ETA0 = 4.914545E-3 ETAB = 4.215338E-4
+DSUB = 0.0313287 PCLM = 1.2088426 PDIBLC1 = 0.7240447
+PDIBLC2 = 5.120303E-3 PDIBLCB = -0.0443076 DROUT = 0.7752992
+PSCBE1 = 4.451333E8 PSCBE2 = 5E-10 PVAG = 0.2068286
+DELTA = 0.01 MOBMOD = 1 PRT = 0
+UTE = -1.5 KT1 = -0.11 KT1L = 0
+KT2 = 0.022 UA1 = 4.31E-9 UB1 = -7.61E-18
+UC1 = -5.6E-11 AT = 3.3E4 WL = 0
+WLN = 1 WW = -1.22182E-16 WWN = 1.2127
+WWL = 0 LL = 0 LLN = 1
+LW = 0 LWN = 1 LWL = 0
+CAPMOD = 2 XPART = 0.4 CGDO = 6.33E-10
+CGSO = 6.33E-10 CGBO = 1E-11 CJ = 1.766171E-3
+PB = 0.9577677 MJ = 0.4579102 CJSW = 3.931544E-10
+PBSW = 0.99 MJSW = 0.2722644 CF = 0
+PVTH0 = -2.126483E-3 PRDSW = -24.2435379 PK2 = -4.788094E-4
+WKETA = 1.430792E-3 LKETA = -6.548592E-3 )

BSIM MODELS VERSION 4.2 FOR ORCAD 16.2

******** BSIM4.1.0 Model Card for NMOS ********

** The BSIM4 model card below was not extracted/obtained from/based on

** any real technologies. It should not be used for any other purposes

** except for benchmarking the implementation of BSIM4.1.0 against BSIM

** Team's standard results using SPICE3f5.

**** Weidong Liu, Xiaodong Jin, Mark Cao, and Chenming Hu 10/11/2000.

** Model: BSIM4.1.0

** Berkeley SPICE3f5 Compatible

** Lmin=0.12 Lmax=10 Wmin=0.6 Wmax=20

** By Weidong Liu 10/11/2000

.MODEL N1 NMOS LEVEL=8 VERSION=4.1.0 TNOM=27

+ EPSROX=3.9 TOXE=3e-9 TOXP=3e-9 TOXM=3e-9 TOXREF=3e-9 DTOX=0

+ MOBMOD=0 RDSMOD=0 IGCMOD=1 IGBMOD=1 DIOMOD=1 CAPMOD=2

+ RGATEMOD=1 RBODYMOD=1 TRNQSMOD=0 ACNQSMOD=0 FNOIMOD=1

+ TNOIMOD=0 PERMOD=1 GEOMOD=1 PARAMCHK=1 BINUNIT=1

+ NDEP=1.7e17 NGATE=9e19 VTH0=0.42 PHIN=0 XJ=9e-8 NSD=1e20

+ VFB=-0.76 K1=0.33 K2=-1.87e-2 K3=80 K3b=0 W0=2.5e-6 KT1=-0.11

+ KT1L=0 KT2=2.2e-2 LPE0=5.75e-8 LPEB=2.3e-10 DVT0=2.89 DVT1=0.53

+ DVT2=-3.2e-2 DVT0W=0 DVT1W=0 DVT2W=0 DVTP0=7.32e-7 DVTP1=0.12

+ DSUB=0.058 ETA0=0.001 ETAB=0

+ CDSC=2.58e-4 CDSCD=6.1e-8 CDSCB=0 CIT=0 NFACTOR=1.1 VOFF=-0.02 VOFFL=0

+ MINV=0.05 VSAT=9.2e4 AT=3.3e4 U0=4.19e-2 UA=8.7e-16 UB=3.06e-18

+ UC=4.6e-13 UTE=-1.5 UA1=4.31e-9 UB1=7.61e-18 UC1=-5.6e-11

+ RDSW=369.4 RDW=184.7 RSW=184.7 PRWG=3.22e-8 PRWB=6.8e-11 WR=1

+ RDSWMIN=0 RDWMIN=0 RSWMIN=0 PRT=0 A0=1.1 AGS=1e-20 B0=-1e-20

+ B1=0 KETA=-0.047 A1=0 A2=1 DELTA=0.014 PVAG=1e-20 PCLM=6.28e-4

+ PDITS=0.2 PDITSL=2.3e6 PDITSD=0.23 FPROUT=0.2 PDIBLCB=3.4e-8

+ PDIBLC1=0.81 DROUT=0.56 PDIBLC2=9.84e-06 PSCBE1=8.14e8 PSCBE2=9.58e-07

+ LINT=5e-9 WINT=5e-9 DWG=0 DWB=0 WL=0 WW=0 WWL=0

+ WLN=1 WWN=1 LL=0 LW=0 LWL=0 LLN=1 LWN=1

+ XGW=3e-7 XGL=4e-8 NGCON=1 RSHG=0.4 XRCRG1=12 XRCRG2=5

+ DMCG=5e-6 DMCI=5e-6 DMDG=5e-6 DMCGT=6e-7 DWJ=4.5e-8 RSH=6

+ RBDB=15 RBPD=15 RBSB=15 RBPS=15 RBPB=5 GBMIN=1e-10

+ CGSO=7.43e-10 CGDO=7.43e-10 CGBO=2.56e-11 CGSL=1e-14 CGDL=1e-14

+ CKAPPAS=0.5 CKAPPAD=0.5 NOFF=0.9 VOFFCV=0.02 ACDE=1 MOIN=15 XPART=0

+ JSS=1e-4 JSWS=1e-11 JSWGS=1e-10 CJS=5e-4 CJSWS=5e-10 CJSWGS=3e-10

+ PBS=1 PBSWS=1 PBSWGS=1 NJS=1 XTIS=3 MJS=0.5 MJSWS=0.33 MJSWGS=0.33

+ XJBVS=1 BVS=10 IJTHSFWD=1e-2 IJTHSREV=1e-3

+ JSD=1e-4 JSWD=1e-11 JSWGD=1e-10 CJD=5e-4 CJSWD=5e-10 CJSWGD=5e-10

+ PBD=1 PBSWD=1 PBSWGD=1 NJD=1 XTID=3 MJD=0.5 MJSWD=0.33 MJSWGD=0.33

+ XJBVD=1 BVD=10 IJTHDFWD=1e-2 IJTHDREV=1e-3

+ TCJ=1e-3 TCJSW=1e-3 TCJSWG=1e-3 TPB=0.005 TPBSW=0.005 TPBSWG=0.005

+ ALPHA0=7.4e-2 ALPHA1=0.005 BETA0=30 AGIDL=2e-4 BGIDL=2.1e9 CGIDL=2e-4

+ EGIDL=0.8 AIGC=0.043 BIGC=0.0054 CIGC=0.0075 AIGSD=0.043 BIGSD=0.0054

+ CIGSD=0.0075 DLCIG=2.2e-8 AIGBACC=0.043 BIGBACC=0.0054 CIGBACC=0.0075

+ AIGBINV=0.35 BIGBINV=0.03 CIGBINV=0.006 NIGC=1 NIGBACC=1 NIGBINV=3

+ NTOX=1 EIGBINV=1.1 PIGCD=1.0 POXEDGE=1

** EnD

******** BSIM4.1.0 Model Card for PMOS ********