Monday, April 9, 2018

Caste System and its Reality : जाति परंपरा और इसकी वास्तविकता (Part 1)


The Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)

अनुसूचित जाति (एससी) और अनुसूचित जनजाति (एसटी)



The Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are various officially designated groups of historically disadvantaged people in India. The terms are recognized in the Constitution of India and the various groups are designated in one or other of the categories. For much of the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes.


अनुसूचित जाति (अनुसूचित जातियों) और अनुसूचित जनजाति (एसटी) भारत में ऐतिहासिक रूप से वंचित लोगों के लिए आधिकारिक शब्द हैं। ये शब्द भारत के संविधान में मान्यता प्राप्त हैं और इन शब्दों के तहत विभिन्न समूहों को एक या अन्य श्रेणियों में नामित किया गया है। भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में ब्रिटिश शासन की अधिकांश अवधि के लिए, उन्हें शोषित वर्ग के रूप में जाना जाता था।

Since the 1850s these communities were generally referred to as Exploited Classes, with the Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribes also being known as Adivasi (or "original inhabitants").

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes, 22:33 PM, 07/04/2018Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India.


1850 के बाद से इन समुदायों को आमतौर पर शोषित वर्ग के रूप में जाना जाता है, आदिवासी (या "मूल निवासियों") को अनुसूचित जाति और अनुसूचित जनजाति के नाम से जाना जाता है| अनुसूचित जाति और अनुसूचित जनजाति भारत के सबसे वंचित सामाजिक-आर्थिक समूहों में से हैं।Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution". Article 342, which is reproduced below, prescribes the procedure to be followed in the matter of specification of scheduled tribe.

अनुच्छेद 366 (25), अनुच्छेद 342 में अनुसूचित जनजातियों को परिभाषित किया गया है।http://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/scheduled-tribes-welfare/ministry-of-tribal-welfareMust read for Article 342.Article 342 provides for specification of tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which are deemed to be for the purposes of the Constitution the Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union Territory. In pursuance of these provisions, the list of Scheduled Tribes are notified for each State or Union Territory and are valid only within the jurisdiction of that State or Union Territory and not outside.

No suitable translation is available.

कोई उपयुक्त अनुवाद उपलब्ध नहीं है।

Scheduled castes are those castes/races in the country that suffer from extreme social, educational and economic backwardness arising out of age-old practice of untouchability and certain others on account of lack of infrastructure facilities and geographical isolation, and who need special consideration for safeguarding their interests and for their accelerated socio-economic development. These communities were notified as Scheduled Castes as per provisions contained in Clause 1 of Article 341 of the Constitution.

अनुसूचित जाति वह देश में जातियां हैं जो अस्पृश्यता की पुरानी परंपरा से उत्पन्न होने वाली अत्यधिक सामाजिक, शैक्षिक और आर्थिक पिछड़ेपन से ग्रस्त हैं। अनुसूचित जाति वह जातियां हैं जिनके हितों की सुरक्षा के लिए और त्वरित सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास के लिए विशेष विचार की आवश्यकता है। इन समुदायों को संविधान के अनुच्छेद 341 के खंड 1 में निहित प्रावधानों के अनुसार अनुसूचित जाति के रूप में अधिसूचित किया गया था।


https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-supreme-court-viewed-words-hindu-hinduism-hindutva-in-rulings/articleshow/62782807.cms How Supreme Court viewed words ‘Hindu’, ‘Hinduism’ & ‘Hindutva’ in rulings Must Read Any person, who follows culturally or religiously to aspects of Hinduism, can be called as Hindu. Historically it has been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identification for people of the Indian subcontinent.
The historical meaning of the term Hindu has evolved with time. Starting with the Persian and Greek references to the land of the Indus in the 1st millennium BCE through the texts of the medieval era, the term Hindu implied a geographic, ethnic or cultural identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent around or beyond the Sindhu (Indus) river. By the 16th century, the term began to refer to residents of the subcontinent who were not Turkic or Muslims.
Borrowing from Latin Indus, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian(hiⁿduš), from Proto-Iranian *hindu- (compare Avestan ‎ (hiṇdu-)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sindʰus or borrowed from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu).
किसी भी व्यक्ति, जो हिंदू धर्म के सांस्कृतिक या धार्मिक पहलुओं का पालन करता है, को हिंदू कहा जा सकता है। ऐतिहासिक रूप से यह शब्द भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के लोगों की भौगोलिक, सांस्कृतिक, पहचान के रूप में उपयोग किया गया है।
हिंदू शब्द का ऐतिहासिक अर्थ समय के साथ विकसित हुआ है। 1 सहस्त्राब्दी बीसीई में, फारसी और यूनानी ने सिंधु की भूमि के लिए इस शब्द का इस्तेमाल किया|मध्ययुगीन युग के ग्रंथों ने हिन्दू को भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में सिंधु (इंडस) नदी के पार या उससे आगे रहने वाले लोगों के लिए पहचान के रूप में परिभाषित किया।16 वीं शताब्दी से, इस शब्द का इस्तेमाल उपमहाद्वीप के निवासियों के लिए करना शुरू हुआ, जो तुर्क या मुस्लिम नहीं थे।
Dr. Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryas and rejected the Aryan invasion theory. Dr.  Ambedkar described it as absurd. He had said in his book "Who Were the Shudras?" (1946). Aryan invasion theory should have been dead long ago .
डॉ अंबेडकर ने शूद्रों को आर्य के रूप में देखा और आर्यन आक्रमण सिद्धांत को खारिज कर दिया। डॉ अंबेडकर ने इसे बेतुका बताया। उन्होंने अपनी पुस्तक "हू वेर द शूद्र्स?" में कहा था (1946)| आर्यन आक्रमण सिद्धांत बहुत पहले ही मृत होना चाहिए था।
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_invasion_theory  (This Theory is dead by now. Please Don’t believe in it. ) Theories postulating prehistoric Indo-Aryan migrations:
Mortimer Wheeler's theory that Indo-Aryan invaders overthrew the Indus Valley Civilization; refuted by many archeologists after new excavations at Harappan sites.
Indo-Aryan migration theory, that the Indo-Aryans migrated into the Indian subcontinent
Indigenous Aryans theory, that the Indo-Aryans originated within the Indian subcontinent, but rejected by most linguists.
A series of lectures on the Aryan issue - PART 01 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RT4pUJMDV2Y)
A series of lectures on the Aryan issue - PART 02
A series of lectures on the Aryan issue - PART 03
A series of lectures on the Aryan issue - PART 04
A series of lectures on the Aryan issue - PART 05
Meluhha: the Indus Civilization and Its Contacts with Mesopotamia
Science in Ancient India: Sanskrit-based Knowledge Systems" by Prof. Michel Danino-IITR (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfofx7piJDk)
Guest Lecture by Dr. R N Iyengar on 'Natural Sciences and Astronomy in Ancient India'(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MMmgjDmww4)
Michel Danino: 12 Great achievements of Indian Civilization(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmogKGCmclE)
A lecture at IIT Gandhinagar on 6 September 2016
India ki Khoj Talk by Michel Danino (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpzF_ukaojI) 
Lecture-01_Recent Findings on Indus-Sarasvati Civilization- IIT Kanpur
Lecture-02-The Aryan Controversy- IIT Kanpur(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FL6nxDn3cmE&t=690s)
Lecture-03- Recent Findings on the Ganga-Vindhya Civilization-IIT Kanpur
Lecture-04-Sacred Geography and the Making of India- IIT Kanpur
Lecture-05- India’s Interface with the Western World-IIT Kanpur
Lecture-06-India’s Interface with the Eastern World- IIT Kanpur
Lecture-07-Ancient Indian Architecture and Sacred Geometry- IIT Kanpur
Lecture-08- Ayodhya through the Ages and the Temple Controversy-IIT Kanpur(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbCsG9dsVtI)
Lecture-09- Indian Education in Principle and Practice-IIT Kanpur
Lecture-11- Water Management in Ancient India-IIT Kanpur
Lecture-12- Highlights of Science in Ancient India – Part 1-IIT Kanpur
Lecture-13- Highlights of Science in Ancient India – Part 2-IIT Kanpur
Lecture-14-Indian Ethics and Values- IIT Kanpur(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO7AbUuW2Po)
Guest lecture by Prof.H.C.Verma on "Surgery practices in India from ancient times"(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSszQDh3CLk)

Manusmriti : Dharmaśāstr, Historical Debate, British colonial law??मनुस्मृति: धर्मशास्त्र, ऐतिहासिक बहस, ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक कानून??


Mahabharat Episode -27- (10:00 min-30:00 min.), Yudhishthir become prince. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bb-lH-pikR8)Time: 10:00 min-30:00 min.
Hindu society, caste, and gender (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-rU3thF6bE&t=32s) by Dr Nick Sutton of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies.
Units of time,  समय की इकाइयां
14 Manvantara = 1000 Mahā-Yugas = 1 Kalpa = 1 day (day only) of Brahma. (2 Kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma). Satya Yuga + Treta Yuga+ Dvapara Yuga + Kali Yuga = 1 Mahā-Yuga (4.32 million solar years). A Manvantara consists of 71 Mahā-Yuga (306,720,000 solar years). Each Manvantara is ruled by a Manu. Brahma lives for 100 Brahma years. We are currently in the first 'day' of the 51st year of our Brahma. This Brahma's day, Kalpa is named as Shveta-Varaha Kalpa. Within this Day, six Manvantaras have already elapsed and this is the seventh Manvantara, named as – Vaivasvatha Manvantara.
14 मन्वन्तर =1000 महायुग= 1 कल्प = ब्रह्मा का 1 दिवस (केवल दिन) ( दो कल्प ब्रह्मा के एक दिन और रात बनाते हैं)| एक मन्वन्तर में 71 महायुग (306,720,000 सौर वर्ष) होते हैं| प्रत्येक मन्वन्तर के शासक एक मनु होते है|एक महायुग (43 लाख 20 हजार सौर वर्ष) =सत युग+त्रेता युग+द्वापर युग+कलि युग|ब्रह्मा की आयु १०० वर्ष ह है फिर ब्रह्मा मर जाते है और दूसरा देवता ब्रह्मा का स्थान ग्रहण करते हैं|आप वर्तमान ब्रह्मा के इक्यावनवें वर्ष में सातवें मनु, वैवस्वत मनु के शासन में सॄजित हुए हैं।
Who is Manu? What is Manu?  मनु कौन है? मनु क्या है? 
Generally speaking, A kalpa is the period of time between the creation and recreation of a world or universe. 1 kalpa = 4.32 billion years.
In some Puranic mythology, each kalpa consists of fourteen Manvantaras, and each Manvantara is headed by a different Manu. The current universe, in this mythology, is asserted to be ruled by the 7th Manu named Vaivasvata. The Sanskrit term for 'human', मानव (IAST: mānava) means 'of Manu' or 'children of Manu'.
वर्तमान में वैवस्वत मनु (7वें मनु) हैं।आम तौर पर, एक कल्प एक विश्व या ब्रह्मांड के निर्माण और पुन: निर्माण के बीच का समय है 1 कल्प = 4.32 अरब साल।
मानव का हिन्दी में अर्थ है वह जिसमें मन, जड़ और प्राण से कहीं अधिक सक्रिय है। मनुष्य में मन की शक्ति है, विचार करने की शक्ति है, इसीलिए उसे मनुष्य कहते हैं। सभी मनुष्य, मनु की संतानें हैं इसीलिए मनुष्य को मानव भी कहा जाता है|
In Hindu religion, it is said all other Manus comes from the family of Svayambhuva Manu. Mahabharat gives name of 8 manus only. Jain religious scriptures and Shveta-VarahaKalpa told us about 14 Manus.
Name of 14 Manus are:
Svayambhuva Manu, Svarocisha Manu, Uttama Manu, Tapasa Manu, Raivata Manu, Cakshusha Manu, Vaivasvata Manu, Savarni Manu, Daksha-savarni Manu, Brahma-savarni Manu, Dharma-savarni Manu, Rudra-savarni Manu, Deva-savarni Manu, Indra-savarni Manu.
हिंदू धर्म में स्वायंभुव मनु के ही कुल में आगे चलकर स्वायंभुव सहित कुल मिलाकर क्रमश: १४ मनु हुए। महाभारत में ८ मनुओं का उल्लेख मिलता है व श्वेतवराह में १४ मनुओं का उल्लेख है। जैन ग्रन्थों में १४ कुलकरों का वर्णन मिलता है।
चौदह मनुओं के नाम इस प्रकार से हैं:
स्वायम्भु मनु , स्वरोचिष मनु, औत्तमी मनु, तामस मनु, रैवत मनु, चाक्षुष मनु, वैवस्वत मनु या श्राद्धदेव मनु, सावर्णि मनु, दक्ष सावर्णि मनु, ब्रह्म सावर्णि मनु, धर्म सावर्णि मनु, रुद्र सावर्णि मनु, देव सावर्णि मनु या रौच्य मनु, इन्द्र सावर्णि मनु या भौत मनु|
So Manu is the name of post which was/is/will be held by different mythological men of different kalpas.It is not name of any man.
Manusmriti And Manu : Unresolved Debate (मनुस्मृति और मनु: अनसुलझी धार्मिक बहस)
In Shatpath Brahmin, Vaivasvata Manu and Shardha is considered as progenitors of humanity. He was considered as the king of earth that has seven continents. He is considered as presenter of Manusmriti. But his original creation was lost with time. No original copy is available today. Some people say that in his original copy “Varana” means color, not caste. However, it can not be verified that such text even existed. 
शतपथ ब्राह्मण में मनु को श्रद्धादेव कहकर संबोधित किया गया है। श्रीमद्भागवत में इन्हीं वैवस्वत मनु और श्रद्धा से मानवीय सृष्टि का प्रारंभ माना गया है। महाराज मनु ने बहुत दिनों तक इस सप्तद्वीपवती पृथ्वी पर राज्य किया। उनके राज्य में प्रजा बहुत सुखी थी। इन्हीं ने मनुस्मृति नामक ग्रन्थ की रचना की थी जो आज मूल रूप में उपलब्ध नहीं है। उसके अर्थ का अनर्थ ही होता रहा है। उस काल में वर्ण का अर्थ रंग होता था और आज जाति।
https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81
According to some people, The title of the text Manusmriti uses this term as a prefix, but refers to the first Manu – Svayambhuva, the spiritual son of Brahma.
Roshen Dalal (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books. 
The problem in this logic: Universe/Kalpa of first Svayambhuv Manu is different,  Many religious teachers may not agree with this. 
In Vishnu Purana, Vaivasvata Manu, Satyavrata, was the king of Dravida before the great flood. He was warned of the flood by the Matsya (fish) avatar of Vishnu. He built a boat that carried the Vedas, Manu's family and the seven sages to safety. This myth is similar to other flood myths such as that of Gilgamesh (an Akkadian poem that is considered the first great work of literature, and in earlier Sumerian poems. ) and Bible.
Alain Daniélou (11 February 2003). A Brief History of India. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 19
कुछ लोगों का मानना है कि पहले मनु (स्वायंभुव मनु) मनुस्मृति के प्रस्तुतकर्ता है|
इस तर्क में समस्या: पहले मनु (स्वायंभुव मनु) का कल्प अलग है, कई धार्मिक शिक्षक इस बात से सहमत नहीं हैं।
विष्णु पुराण में; द्रविड़ राजा वैवस्वत मनु, महान बाढ़ से पहले सप्तद्वीपवती पृथ्वी का राजा था।
उन्हें विष्णु के मत्स्य (मछली) अवतार द्वारा बाढ़ की चेतावनी दी गई। उन्होंने एक नाव बनाया जिसमें वेद, मनु के परिवार और सात ऋषियों की सुरक्षा थी। यह मिथक गल्गामेश और बाइबिल जैसे अन्य बाढ़ के मिथकों के समान है|
Manusmriti : Historical Debate, मनुस्मृति: ऐतिहासिक बहस
The Manusmṛti (or "Laws of Manu", Sanskrit Manusmṛti मनुस्मृति; also known as Mānava-Dharmaśāstra मानवधर्मशास्त्र) is the important and earliest metrical work of the Dharmaśāstra (धर्मशास्त्र) textual tradition of Hinduism.
There are many Dharmashastras, variously estimated to be 18 to about 100, with different and conflicting points of view.
Pandurang Vaman Kane mentions over 100 different Dharmasastra texts were known by the Middle Ages in India, but most of these are lost to history and their existence is inferred from quotes and citations in bhasya and digests that have survived. John Bowker (2012), The Message and the Book: Sacred Texts of the World's Religions, Yale University Press.
मनुस्मृति ("मनु का कानून") हिंदू धर्म की धर्मशास्त्र शास्त्रीय परंपरा का महत्वपूर्ण और प्रारंभिक कार्य है।मनुस्मृति के बहुत से संस्करण उपलब्ध हैं। कालान्तर में बहुत से प्रक्षेप भी स्वाभाविक हैं। 
कई धर्मशास्त्र हैं| उनकी संख्या का अनुमान 18 से 100 के बीच है|उनका दृष्टिकोण विरोधाभासी है|
पांडुरंग वामन काणे, सामाजिक सुधार को समर्पित एक महान विद्वान्, ने इस पुरानी परंपरा को जारी रखा है। उनका धर्मशास्त्र का इतिहास, पाँच भागों में प्रकाशित है, प्राचीन भारत के सामाजिक विधियों तथा प्रथाओं का विश्वकोश है। इससे हमें प्राचीन भारत में सामाजिक प्रक्रिया को समझने में मदद मिलती है।"
About 20 Dharmasutras are known, some surviving into the modern era just as fragments of their original. Four Dharmasūtras have been translated into English, and most remain in manuscripts. All carry the names of their authors, but it is still difficult to determine who these real authors were. The most important of these texts are the sutras of Apastamba, Gautama, Baudhayana, and Vasistha. There is uncertainty regarding the dates of these documents due to lack of evidence concerning these documents. here is confusion regarding the geographical provenance of these documents.
The extant Dharmasutras are written in concise sutra format, with a very terse incomplete sentence structure which are difficult to understand and leave much to the reader to interpret. The Dharmasastras are derivative works on the Dharmasutras, using a shloka (four 8-syllable verse style chandas poetry, Anushtubh meter), which are relatively clearer.
आधुनिक युग में लगभग 20 धर्मशास्त्र ज्ञात हैं|आधुनिक युग में उनके मूल पाठ के छोटे टुकड़े हमें ज्ञात हैं|चार का अंग्रेजी में अनुवाद किया गया है, और अन्य का अभी तक अनुवाद नहीं किया गया है।हालांकि सभी अपने लेखकों के नाम लेते हैं, लेकिन यह निर्धारित करना अभी भी कठिन है कि ये वास्तविक लेखक कौन थे।इनमें से सबसे महत्वपूर्ण में अपास्तम्ब, गौतम, बौद्ध्यन और वसिष्ठ के सूत्र है।
साक्ष्यों की कमी के कारण; इन दस्तावेजों की तारीखों के बारे में अनिश्चितता है इन दस्तावेजों की भौगोलिक स्थिति के बारे में भ्रम है।
The extant Dharmasutras are written in concise sutra format, with a very terse incomplete sentence structure which are difficult to understand and leave much to the reader to interpret. That’s why some people misused them. The Dharmasastras are derivative works on the Dharmasutras, using a shloka (four 8-syllable verse style chandas poetry, Anushtubh meter), which are relatively clearer.
धर्मसुत्र संक्षिप्त सूत्र प्रारूप में लिखे गए हैं। इसकी संक्षिप्त वाक्य संरचनाओं को समझना मुश्किल है। पाठक, उनकी व्याख्या, अपनी मानसिकता के अनुसार कर सकते हैं|यह पाठक की व्याख्या के लिए खुला है (उसकी पसंद के अनुसार)।यही कारण है कि कुछ लोगों ने इसका दुरुपयोग किया।धर्मशास्त्र (मनुस्मृति, यज्ञवल्क्य स्मृती आदि) धर्मसुत्रों के व्युत्पन्न लेखन हैं|धर्मशास्त्र श्लोक शैली का उपयोग करते है।
The word Dharmaśāstras never appears in the Vedic texts, and the word śāstra itself appears for the first time in Yaska's Nirukta text. Katyayana's commentary on Panini's work (~3rd century BCE), has the oldest known single mention of the word Dharmaśāstras. The extant Dharmaśāstras texts are listed below:
The Manusmriti (~ 2nd to 3rd century CE), The Yājñavalkya Smṛti (~ 4th to 5th-century CE) The Nāradasmṛti (~ 5th to 6th-century CE),  Viṣṇusmṛti (~ 7th-century CE). Evidence suggests that Yajnavalkya Smriti, state Ghose and other scholars, was the more referred to text than Manu Smriti, in matters of governance and practice. This text, of unclear date of composition, but likely to be a few centuries after Manusmriti, is more "concise, methodical, distilled and liberal".
Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press.
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010, p. 57.
M Rama Jois (2004), Legal and Constitutional History of India, Universal Law Publishing, page 31
शब्द “धर्मशास्त्र” वेदों में मौजूद नहीं है। शब्द “धर्मशास्त्र” Yaska's Nirukta में पहली बार आता है।पाणिनी के कार्य (3 शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व) पर कैत्यायान की टिप्पणी, में “धर्मशास्त्र” शब्द का सबसे पुराना ज्ञात उल्लेख है।मौजूदा धर्मशास्त्र नीचे सूचीबद्ध हैं:मनुस्मृति (2-3शताब्दी), यज्ञवल्क्य स्मृति (4-5 शताब्दी), नारद स्मृति(5-6 शताब्दी), विष्णु स्मृति (700 AD). साक्ष्य से पता चलता है कि शासन के मामले में यज्ञवल्क्य स्मृति, राज्य घोष और अन्य विद्वानों की स्मृतियां, मनुस्मृति की तुलना में ज्यादा इस्तेमाल की जाती थीं। मनुस्मृति के मुकाबले ये स्मृतियां अधिक "संक्षिप्त, व्यवस्थित, परिष्कृत और उदार" हैं|
Time of compilation of manusmriti (MS) is not clear. Many scholars have  debated on this subjects. Some says there are texts before manusmriti, some man in past used them to create MS. Many quotations of manusmriti can not be found in texts like Mahabharata. However Quotations of Manu (present in other religious scriptures)  may be found in MS. This assumption that present form of MS is a more a commentary than law , seems to be true. 
मनुस्मृति के काल एवं प्रणेता के विषय में नवीन अनुसंधानकारी विद्वानों ने पर्याप्त विचार किया है। उनमे से कुछ कहते हैं कि मनुस्मृति से पहले कोई 'मानव धर्मसूत्र' था,  जिसका आश्रय लेकर किसी ने एक मूल मनुस्मृति बनाई थी| जो बाद में बिगड़ कर होकर वर्तमान रूप में प्रचलित हो गई। मनुस्मृति के अनेक विचार या वाक्य, महाभारत आदि प्राचीन ग्रंथों में नहीं मिलते हैं| यह अनुमान बहुत कुछ तर्कसंगत प्रतीत होता है कि  धर्मशास्त्र के नाम से
विषय परक वाक्य समाज में प्रचलित थे, जिनका निर्देश महाभारत आदि में है तथा जिन वचनों का आश्रय लेकर वर्तमान मनुसंहिता बनाई गई|
The Sanskrit text was edited in 1913 by P. H. Pandya and in 1920 by J.R. Gharpure. The text was first translated into English (from manuscripts) in 1794 by Sir William Jones. The text's fame spread outside India, long before the colonial era. The medieval era Buddhistic law of Myanmar and Thailand are also ascribed to Manu, and the text influenced past Hindu kingdoms in Cambodia and Indonesia.
Steven Collins (1993), The discourse of what is primary, Journal of Indian philosophy, Volume 21, pages 301-393.
Robert Lingat (1973), The Classical Law of India, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520018983, page 77.
Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press.
Scholars doubt Manusmriti was ever administered as law text in ancient or medieval Hindu society. David Buxbaum states, "in the opinion of the best contemporary orientalists, it [Manusmriti] does not, as a whole, represent a set of rules ever actually administered in Hindustan. It is in great part an ideal picture of that which, in the view of a Brahmin, ought to be law". David Buxbaum (1998), Family Law and Customary Law in Asia: A Contemporary Legal Perspective, Springer Academic.
विलियम जोन्स द्वारा 1794 में मनुस्मृति का प्रथम अंग्रेजी (पांडुलिपियों से) अनुवाद किया गया था।इसकी प्रसिद्धि भारत के बाहर, औपनिवेशिक युग से बहुत पहले फैल गई थी।म्यांमार और थाईलैंड के मध्यकालीन युग बौद्ध के कुछ कानून भी मनुस्मृति पर आधारित हैं।मनुस्मृति ने कंबोडिया और इंडोनेशिया में पिछले हिंदू साम्राज्यों को प्रभावित किया।विद्वानों को शक है कि मनुस्मृति प्राचीन या मध्ययुगीन हिंदू समाज में कानून में प्रयोग नहीं किया गया था।डेविड बक्सबौम कहते हैं, "सर्वश्रेष्ठ समकालीन प्राच्यवादियों की राय में, वास्तव में मनुस्मृति पूरी तरह से, हिन्दूस्तान में नैतिक और कानूनी नियमों का प्रतिनिधित्व नहीं करता है।” 
Donald Davis writes, "there is no historical evidence for either an active propagation or implementation of Dharmasastra [Manusmriti] by a ruler or any state – as distinct from other forms of recognizing, respecting and using the text. Thinking of Dharmasastra as a legal code and of its authors as lawgivers is thus a serious misunderstanding of its history". Other scholars have expressed the same view, based on epigraphical, archeological and textual evidence from medieval Hindu kingdoms in Gujarat, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, while acknowledging that Manusmriti was influential to the South Asian history of law and was a theoretical resource.
डोनाल्ड डेविस लिखते हैं, "एक शासक या किसी भी राज्य द्वारा धर्मशास्त्र के सक्रिय प्रचार या कार्यान्वयन के लिए कोई ऐतिहासिक सबूत नहीं है|धर्मशास्त्र को कानून की संहिता मानना और इसके लेखकों को कानून विद मानना, एक गंभीर एतिहासिक गलती है|शिलालेखों, पुरातात्विक प्रमाणों के आधार पर  दूसरे एतिहासकारो का भी यही मानना है|  
Donald Davis (2010), The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge University Press.  Werner Menski (2009), Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity, Oxford University Press.  Donald R Davis Jr (2005), Intermediate Realms of Law: Corporate Groups and Rulers in Medieval India, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Issue 1, pages 92–117.

Prior to the British colonial rule, Sharia (Islamic law) for Muslims in South Asia had been codified as Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, but laws for non-Muslims – such as Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, Parsis – were not codified during the 600 years of Islamic rule. With the arrival of the British colonial officials, Manusmriti played a historic role in constructing a legal system for non-Muslims in South Asia and early Western perceptions about the ancient and medieval Indian society.
ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक शासन से पहले, दक्षिण एशिया में मुसलमानों के लिए शरिया (इस्लामी कानून) को फतवा-ए-आलमगिरी में संहिताबद्ध किया गया था| लेकिन गैर-मुसलमानों (जैसे हिंदू, बौद्ध, सिख, जैन, पारसी) के लिए कानून - इस्लामी शासन के 600 वर्षों के दौरान संहिताबद्ध नहीं किये थे|ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक अधिकारियों के आगमन के साथ, मनुस्मृति ने दक्षिण एशिया में गैर-मुस्लिमों के लिए एक कानूनी प्रणाली का निर्माण करने में भूमिका निभाई|  Lariviere, Richard W. (November 1989). "Justices and Paṇḍitas: Some Ironies in Contemporary Readings of the Hindu Legal Past". Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 48 (4): 757–769. 
The East India Company, and later the British Crown, sought profits for its British shareholders through trade as well as sought to maintain effective political control with minimal military engagement. The administration pursued a path of least resistance, relying upon co-opted local intermediaries that were mostly Muslims and some Hindus in various princely states. The British exercised power by avoiding interference and adapting to law practices as explained by the local intermediaries. The existing legal texts for Muslims, and resurrected Manusmriti manuscript thus helped the colonial state sustain the pre-colonial religious and political law and conflicts, well into the late nineteenth century.
Washbrook, D. A. (1981). "Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India". Modern Asian Studies. 15 (3): 649–721.Tomothy Lubin et al (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Lubin and Davis), Cambridge University Press.Ludo Rocher (1978), Hindu Conceptions of Law, Hastings Law Journal, Volume 29, pages 1283-1297.
ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी और बाद में ब्रिटिश क्राउन, अपने ब्रिटिश शेयरधारकों के लिए व्यापार के जरिए मुनाफा कमाना चाहते थे। वे न्यूनतम सैन्य हस्तक्षेप के साथ प्रभावी राजनीतिक नियंत्रण बनाए रखना चाहते थे।प्रशासन ने कम से कम प्रतिरोध का रास्ता अपनाया ब्रिटिश प्रशासन विभिन्न रियासतों में स्थानीय मध्यस्थों पर निर्भर थे। उनमें से ज्यादातर मुसलमान और कुछ हिंदू थे। ब्रिटिश शासन ने प्रतिरोध को कम करने के लिये इन के द्वारा सुझाये गये रास्तो का पालन करने की कोशिश की|
मुसलमानों के लिए मौजूदा कानूनी ग्रंथों और मनुस्मृति पांडुलिपि को पुनर्जीवित करने से औपनिवेशिक राज्य में धार्मिक और राजनीतिक संघर्षों को बनाए रखने में मददमिली| फूट डालो और शासन करो|
For Muslims of India, the British accepted sharia as the legal code for Muslims, based on texts such the al-Sirjjiyah and Fatawa-i Alamgiri written under sponsorship of Aurangzeb. For Hindus and other non-Muslims such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, Parsis and Tribal people, this information was unavailable. The substance of Hindu law, was derived by the British colonial officials from Manusmriti, and it became the first Dharmasastra that was translated in 1794. The British colonial officials, for practice, attempted to extract from the Dharmaśāstra, the English categories of law and religion for the purposes of colonial administration.
The British colonial officials, however, mistook the Manusmriti as codes of law, failed to recognize that it was a commentary on morals and law and not a statement of positive law. The colonial officials of the early 19th century also failed to recognize that Manusmriti was one of many competing Dharmasastra texts, it was not in use for centuries during the Islamic rule period of India.
भारत के मुसलमानों के लिए, अंग्रेजों ने कानूनी कोड के रूप में शरिया को स्वीकार किया|शरिया के नियम अल-दीरियाह और फतवा-ए आलमगिरी पर आधारित थे, जिन्हें औरंगजेब ने  लिखवाया था। हिन्दू और अन्य गैर-मुस्लिम जैसे बौद्ध, सिख, जैन, पारसी और आदिवासी लोगों के लिए, इस प्रकार की कानूनी जानकारी उपलब्ध नहीं थी। ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक अधिकारियों द्वारा लगभग मृत और बेकार मनुस्मृति से हिंदू कानून के तत्वों की खोज की गई थी|।यह पहला धर्मशास्त्र था, जिसका अनुवाद 17 9 4 में हुआ था।
Michael Anderson (1995), Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader (Studies in Asian Topics, Editors: David Arnold, Peter Robb), Routledge, ISBN 978-0700702848, Chapter 10;
K Ewing (1988), Sharia and ambiguity in South Asian Islam, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520055759
The British colonial officials, for practice, attempted to extract from the Dharmaśāstra, the English categories of law and religion for the purposes of colonial administration.
As per modern scholars, The British colonial officials, however, mistook the Manusmriti as codes of law, failed to recognize that it was a commentary on morals and law and not a statement of positive law. The colonial officials of the early 19th century also failed to recognize that Manusmriti was one of many competing Dharmasastra texts, it was not in use for centuries during the history of India.
ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक अधिकारियों ने धर्मशास्र से ब्रिटिश कानून और धर्म के समान कानूनी व्यवस्था निकालने का प्रयास किया। ताकि वे इस कॉलोनी पर शासन कर सकें|
आधुनिक विद्वानों के अनुसार, ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक अधिकारियों ने गलती से मनुस्मृति को कानून के कोड के रूप में समझ लिया।
वे यह मानने में नाकाम रहे कि मनुस्मृति नैतिकता और कानून पर टिप्पणी थी, नाकि एक कानूनी प्रणाली|19वीं शताब्दी के शुरुआती औपनिवेशिक अधिकारियों वे यह समझने में नाकाम रहे कि मनुस्मृति कई धर्मशास्त्र ग्रंथों में से एक था| जिन में कई विषयों पर परस्पर विरोधी विचार हैं| जिन में कई, भारत के इतिहास के दौरान शताब्दियों से  प्रयोग में नहीं थे।
Michael Anderson (1995), Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader (Studies in Asian Topics, Editors: David Arnold, Peter Robb), Routledge, ISBN 978-0700702848, Chapter 10;
K Ewing (1988), Sharia and ambiguity in South Asian Islam, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520055759


More about Manu:



Hindu texts describe units of Kala measurements, from microseconds to Trillions of years. According to these texts, time is cyclic, which repeats itself forever.


Taken from https://archive.is/Mri30#selection-281.0-281.14, 
https://archive.is/6b9af#selection-69.0-73.49 good site Must watch. A Non-profit Service by Khapre Family since 1997. I am thankful to this family. 

ब्रह्मा का एक दिन बराबर है:
(14 गुणा 71 महायुग) + (15 x 4 चरण)
= 994 महायुग + (60 चरण)
= 994 महायुग + (6 x 10) चरण
= 994 महायुग + 6 महायुग
= 1,000 महायुग
एक मन्वन्तर में 71 महायुग (306,720,000 सौर वर्ष) होते हैं. प्रत्येक मन्वन्तर के शासक एक मनु होते हैं|
 हर एक मन्वन्तर का राजा मनु होता है, एवं उसकी सहायता के लिए सप्तर्षि, देवतागण,इन्द्र, अवतार एवं मनुपुत्र रहते हैं । इनमें सप्तर्षियों का कार्य प्रजा उत्पन्न करना रहता है, एवं इन प्रजाओं का पालन मनु एवं उसके पुत्र भूपाल बन कर करते हैं । इन भूपालों को देवतागण सलाह देने का कार्य करते है, एवं भूपालों को प्राप्त होनेवाली अडचनों का निवारण इन्द्र करता है । जिस समय इन्द्र हतबल होता है, उस समय स्वयं विष्णु अवतार लेकर भृपालोम का कष्ट निवारण करता है । मनु एवं उसके उपर्युक्त सारे सहायकगण विष्णु के अंशरुप माने गये है, तथा मन्वंन्तर के अन्त में वे सारे विष्णु में ही विलीन हो जाते हैं । किसी भी मन्वन्तर के आरम्भ में वे विष्णु के ही अंश से उत्पन्न होते हैं [विष्णु.१.३] । 
n.  मनवसृष्टि का प्रवर्तक आदिपुरुष, जो समस्त मानवजाति का पिता माना जाता है [ऋ.१.८०.१६,११४.२, २.३३.१३, ८.६३.१];[ अ. वे.१४.२.४१];[ तै. सं.२.१.५.६] । कई अभ्यासकों के अनुसार मनु वैवस्वत तथा यह दोनों एक ही व्यक्ति थे (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)) । ऋग्वेद में प्रायः बीस बार मनु का निर्देश व्यक्तिवाचक नाम से किया गया है । वहॉं सर्वत इसे ‘आदिपुरुष’ एवं मानव जाति का पिता, तथा यज्ञ एवं तत्संबंधित विषयों का मार्गदर्शक माना गया है । मनु के द्वारा बताये गये मार्ग से ले जाने की प्रार्थना वेदों में प्राप्त है [ऋ.८.३०.१] । 
मानवजाति का पिता n.  ऋग्वेद में पांच बार इसे पिता एवं दो बार निश्चित रुप से ‘हमारे पिता’ कहा गया है [ऋ.२.३३] । तैत्तिरीय संहिता में मानवजाति को ‘मनु की प्रजा’ (मानव्यःप्रजाः) कहा गया है [तै. सं. १.५.१.३] । वैदिक साहित्य में मनु को विवस्वत् का पुत्र माना गया है, एवं इसे ‘वैवस्वत’ पैतृक नाम दिया गया है [अ.वे.८.१०];[ श.ब्रा.१३.४.३] । यास्क के अनुसार, विवस्वत् का अर्थ सूर्य होता है, इस प्रकार यह आदिपुरुष सूर्य का पुत्र था [नि.१२.१०] । यास्क इसे सामान्य व्यक्ति न मानकर दिव्यक्षेत्र का दिव्य प्राणी मानते है [नि.१२.३४] । वैदिक साहित्य में यम को भी विवस्वत् का पुत्र माना गया है, एवं कई स्थानो पर उसे भी मरणशील मनुष्यों में प्रथम माना गया है । इससे प्रतीत होता है कि, वैदिक काल के प्रारम्भ में मनु एवं यम का अस्तित्व अभिन्न था, किन्तु उत्तरकालीन वैदिक साहित्य में मनु को जीवित मनुष्यों का एवं यम को दूसरे लोक में मृत मनुष्यों का आदिपुरुष माना गया । इसीलिए शतपथ ब्राह्मण में मनु वैवस्वत को मनुष्यों के शासक के रुप में, तथ यम वैवस्वत को मृत पितरों के शासक के रुप मे वर्णन किया गया है [ऋ.८.५२.१];[ श.ब्रा.१३.४.३] । यह मनु सम्भवतः केवल आर्यो के ही पूर्वज के रुप में माना गया है, क्योंकि अनेक स्थलों पर इसका अनार्यो के पूर्वज द्यौः से विभेद किया है । 
यज्ञसंस्था का आरंभकर्ता n.  -मनु ही यज्ञप्रभा का आरंभकर्ता था, इसीसे इसे विश्व का प्रथम यज्ञकर्ता माना जाता है [ऋ.१०.६३.७];[ तै. सं.१.५.१.३,२.५.९.१,६.७.१,३.३.२.१,५.४.१०.५,६.६.६.१,७.५.१५.३] । ऋग्वेद के अनुसार, विश्व में अग्नि प्रज्वलित करने के बाद सात पुरोहितों के साथ इसने ही सर्वप्रथम देवों को हवि समर्पित की थी [ऋ.१०.६३] । 
यज्ञ से ऐश्वर्यप्राप्ति n.  तैत्तिरीय संहिता में मनु के द्वारा किये गये यज्ञ के उपरांत उसके ऐश्वर्य के प्राप्त होने की कथा प्राप्त है । देव-दैत्यों के बीच चल रहे युद्ध की विभीषिका से अपने धन की सुरक्षा करने के लिए देवों ने उसे अग्नि को दे दिया । बाद को अग्नि के हृदय में लोभ उत्पन्न हुआ, एवं वह देवों के समस्त धनसम्पत्ति को लेकर भागने लगा । देवों ने उसका पीछा किया, एवंउसे कष्ट देकर विवश किया कि, वह उनकी अमानत को वापस करे । देवों द्वारा मिले हुए कष्टों से पीडित होकर अग्नि रुदन करने लगा, इसी से उसे ‘रुद्र’ नाम प्राप्त हुआ । उस समय सुअके नेत्रों से जो आसूँ गिरे उसीसे चॉंदी निर्माण हुयी, इसी लिए चॉंदी दानकर्म में वर्जित है। अन्त में अग्नि ने देखा कि, देव अपनी धनसम्पत्ति को वापस लिए जा रहे हैं, तब उसने उनसे कुछ भाग देने की प्रार्थना की । तब देवों ने अग्नि को ‘पुनराधान’ (यज्ञकर्मों में स्थान) दिया ।आगे चलकर मनु, पूषन्, त्वष्टु एवं धतृ इत्यादि ने यज्ञकर्म कर के ऐश्वर्य प्राप्त किया [तै.सं.१.५.१] । मनु ने भी लोगों के प्रकाशहेतु अग्नि की स्थापना की थी [ऋ.१.३६] । मनु का यज्ञ वर्तमान यज्ञ का ही प्रारंभक है, क्यों कि, इसके बाद जो भी यज्ञ किये गये, उन में इसके द्वारा दिये गये विधानोम को ही आधार मान कर देवों को हवि समर्पित की गयी [ऋ.१.७६.] । इस प्रकार की तुलनाओं को अक्सर क्रियाविशेषण शब्द ‘मनुष्वत्’ (मनुओं की भॉंति) द्वारा व्यक्ति किया गया है। यज्ञकर्ता भी अग्नि को उसी प्रकार यज्ञ का साधन बनाते हैं, जिस प्रकार मनुओं ने बनाया था [ऋ.१.४४] वे मनुओं की ई भॉंति अग्नि को प्रज्वलित करते हैं, तथा उसीकी भॉंति सोम अर्पित करते हैं [ऋ.७.२.४.३७] । सोम से उसी प्रकार प्रवाहित होने की स्तुति की गयी है, जैसे वह किसी समय मनु के लिए प्रवाहित होता था [ऋ.९.९६] । 
समकालीन ऋषि n.  मनु का अनेक प्राचीन यज्ञकर्ताओं के साथ उल्लेख मिलता है, जिनमें निम्नलिखित प्रमुख हैः---अंगिरस् और ययाति [ऋ.१.३१] । भृगु और अंगिरस [ऋ.८.४३], अथर्वन् और दध्यञ्च [ऋ.१.८०] । दध्यञ्च, अंगिरस्, अत्रि और कण्व [ऋ.१.१३९]। ऐसा कहा गया है कि, कुछ व्यक्तियों ने समय समय पर मनु को अग्नि प्रदान क्र उसे यज्ञ के लिए प्रतिष्ठित किया था, जिसके नाम इस प्रकार है---देव [ऋ.१.३६], मातरिश्वन, [ऋ.१.१२८] । मातरिश्वन् और देव [ऋ.१९.४६] ।, काव्य उश्सना [ऋ.८.२३] । ऋग्वेद के अनुसार, मनु विवस्वत ने इन्द्र के साथ बैठ कर सोमपान किया था [वाल.३] । तैत्तिरीय संहिता और शतपथ ब्राह्मण में मनु का अक्सर धार्मिक संस्कारादि करनेवाले के रुप में भी निर्देश किया गया है । 
मन्वंतरों का निर्माण n.  आदिपुरुष मनु के पश्चात्, पृथ्वी पर मनु नामक अनेक राजा निर्माण हुए, जिन्होने अपने नाम से नये-नये मन्वंतरो का निर्माण किया । ब्रह्मा के एक दिन तथा रात के कल्प कहते हैं । इनमें से ब्रह्मा के एक दिन के चौदह भाग माने गये हैं, जिनमें से हर एक को मन्वन्तर कहते हैं । पुराणों के अनुसार, इनमें से हर एक मन्वन्तर के काल में सृष्टि का नियंत्रण करनेवाला मनु अलग के काल में सृष्टि का नियंत्रण करनेवाला मनु अलग होता है, एवं उसीके नाम से उस मन्वन्तर का नामकारण किया गया है । इस प्रकार् जब तक वह मनु उस सृष्टि का अधिकारी रहता है, तब तक वह काल उसके नाम से विख्यात रहता है । 
चौदह मन्वंतर n.  इस तरह पुराणों में चौदह मन्वन्तर माने गये हैं, जो निम्नलिखित चौदह मनुओं के नाम से सुविख्यात हैः---१. स्वायंभुव,२.स्वारोचिष,३. उत्तम (औत्तम), ४. तामस, ५. रैवत,६. चाक्षुष, ७. वैवस्वत, ८. सावर्णि (अर्कसावर्णि) ९. दक्षसावर्णि, १०. ब्रह्मसावर्णि ११. धर्मसावर्णि १२. रुद्रसावर्णि, १३. रौच्य, १४. भौत्य । इनमें से स्वायंभुव से चाक्षुक्ष तक के मन्वन्तर हो चुके है, एवं वैवरवत मन्वंतर सांप्रत चालू है । बाकी मन्वंतर भविष्यकाल में होनेवाले हैं 
पाठभेद n.  चौदह मन्वन्तर के अधिपतियों मनु के नाम विभिन्न पुराणों में प्राप्त है । इनमें से स्वायंभुव से ले कर सावर्णि तक के पहले आठ मनु के नाम के बारे में सभी पुराणों मे प्रायः एकवाक्यता है, किंतु नौ से चौदह तक के मनु के नाभ के बारे में विभिन्न पाठभेद प्राप्त है, जो निम्नलिखित तालिका में दिये गये हैः--- 
९
वायु - सावर्ण
पद्म - रौच्य
मार्क - सूर्यसावर्णि
ब्रह्यवैत्तरी एवं भागवत - दक्षसावर्णि
मत्स्य - रौच्य
ब्रह्म - रैभ्य
विष्णु - दक्षसावर्णि

१०
वायु - सावर्ण
पद्म - भौत्य
मार्क - ब्रह्मसावर्णि
ब्रह्यवैत्तरी एवं भागवत - ब्रह्मसावर्णि
मत्स्य - मेरुसावर्णि
ब्रह्म - रौच्य
विष्णु - ब्रह्मसावर्णि

११
वायु - सावर्ण
पद्म - मेरुसावर्णि
मार्क - धर्मसावर्णि
ब्रह्यवैत्तरी एवं भागवत - धर्मसावर्णि
मत्स्य - ब्रह्मसावर्णि
ब्रह्म - मेरुसावर्णि
विष्णु - धर्मसावर्णि

१२
वायु - सावर्ण
पद्म - ऋभु
मार्क - रुद्रसावर्णि
ब्रह्यवैत्तरी एवं भागवत - रुद्रसावर्णि
मत्स्य - ऋतसावर्णि
ब्रह्म - - 
विष्णु - रुद्रसावर्णि

१३
वायु - रौच्य
पद्म - ऋतुधामन्
मार्क - रौच्य
ब्रह्यवैत्तरी एवं भागवत - देवसावर्णि
मत्स्य - ऋतधामन्
ब्रह्म - -
विष्णु - रौच्य

१४
वायु - भौत्य
पद्म - विष्वक्सेन 
मार्क - भौत्य 
ब्रह्यवैत्तरी एवं भागवत - इंद्रसावर्णि ( चंद्रसावर्णि )
मत्स्य - विश्वक्सेन
ब्रह्म - भौत्य
विष्णु - भौत्य 

The 14 Manus of the current aeon are::His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Teachings of Lord Caitanya (Third Edition): The Golden Avatara. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. pp. 109\u2013.
ManvantaraName of Manu who is in charge:Lord Vishnu's Avatara:
1Svayambhuva ManuYajna
2Svarocisha ManuVibhu
3Uttama ManuSatyasena
4Tapasa ManuHari
5Raivata ManuVaikuntha
6Cakshusha ManuAjita
7Vaivasvata Manu (current)Vamana
8Savarni ManuSarvabhauma
9Daksha-savarni ManuRishabha
10Brahma-savarni ManuVishvaksena
11Dharma-savarni ManuDharmasetu
12Rudra-savarni ManuSudama
13Deva-savarni ManuYogesvara
14Indra-savarni ManuBrihadbhanu
स्वायंभुव मन्वन्तर  n.  
  1. मनु - स्वायंभुव ।
  2. सप्तर्षि---अंगिरस् (भृगु), अत्रि, क्रतु, पुलस्त्य, पुलह, मरीचि, वसिष्ठ ।
  3. देवगण---याम या शुक्र के जित, अजित् व जिताजित् ये तीन भेद था । प्रत्येक गण में बारह देव थे [वायु.३१.३-९] । उन गणों में निम्न देव थे-ऋचीक, गृणान, विभु,विश्वदेव,श्रुति,सोमपायिन्, [ब्रह्मांड. २.१३] । इन देवों में तुषित नामक बारह देवों का एक और गण था [भा.४.१.८] ।
  4. इन्द्र---विश्वभुज् (भागवतं मतानुसार यज्ञ) । इन्द्राणी ‘दक्षिणा’ थी [भा.८.१.६] ।
  5. अवतार---यज्ञ तथा कपिल (विष्णु एवं भागवत मतानुसार) ।
  6. पुत्र---अग्निबाहु (अग्निमित्र, अतिबाहु), अग्नीध्र (आग्नीध्र), ज्योतिष्मत्, द्युतिमत्, उत्र (वयुष्मत्, सत्र, सह), मेधस् (मेध,मेध्य), मेधातिथि, वसु (बाहु), सवन (सवल), हव्य (भव्य) । मार्कडेय के अनुसार, इसके पुत्रों में से पहले सात भूपाल थे । भागवत तथा वायु के अनुसार, इसे प्रियव्रत एवं उत्तानपाद नामक दो पुत्र थे । प्रियव्रत के दस पुत्र थे ।

स्वारोचिष मन्वंतर  n.  
  1. मनु --- स्वारोचिष । कई ग्रन्थों में इस मन्वन्तर के मनु का नाम ‘द्युतिमत्’ एवं ‘स्वारोचिस्’ बताया गया है । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---अर्ववीर (उर्वरीवान्, ऊर्ज,और्व), ऋषभ (कश्यप,काश्यप),दत्त (अत्रि), निश्च्यवन (निश्चर,ल),प्राण,बृहस्पति (अग्नि,आलि), स्तम्ब (ऊर्जस्तंब, ऊर्जस्वल) । ब्रह्मांड में स्वारोषित मन्वन्तर के कई ऋषियों के कुलनाम देकर उन्हें सप्तर्षियों का पूर्वज कहा गया है । 
  3. देवगण---तुषित, इडस्पति,इध्म,कवि,तोष,प्रतोष,भद्र,रोचन,विभु,शांति,सुदेव (स्वह्र), पारावत । 
  4. इन्द्र---विपश्चित् । भागवत के अनुसार, यज्ञपुत्र रोचन । 
  5. अवतार---तुषितपुत्र अजित (विभु) । 
  6. पुत्र---अयस्मय अपोमूर्ति (आपमूर्ति), ऊर्ज, किंपुरुष, कृतान्त, चैत्र,ज्योति (रोचिष्मत्,रवि), नभ,(नव,नभस्य),प्रतीत (प्रथित, प्रसृति, बृहदुक्थ), भानु, विभृत,श्रुत,सुकृति (सुषेण), सेतु, हविघ्न (हविघ्न), इसके पुत्रों के ऐसे कुछ नाम मिलते हैं, किन्तु उनमें से कुल नौ या दस की संख्या प्राप्त है । मत्स्य के अनुसार, इस मन्वन्तर में ऋषियों की सहायता के लिए वसिष्ठपुत्र सात प्रजापति बने थे । किन्तु उन सब के नाम मनु पुत्रों के नामों से मिलते हैं, जैसे-आप, ज्योति,मूर्ति,रय, सृकृत,स्मय तथा हस्तीन्द्र ।

उत्तम मन्वन्तर  n.  
  1. मनु --- उत्तम । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---अनघ,ऊर्ध्वबाहु,गात्र, रज, शुक्र (शुक्ल), सवन, सुतपस्। ये सब वसिष्ठपुत्र थे, एवं वासिष्ठ इनका सामान्य नाम था । पूर्वजन्म में ये सभी हिरण्यगर्भ के ऊर्ज नामक पुत्र थे । 
  3. देवगण---प्रतर्दन (भद्र.भानुं,भावन,मानव), वशवर्तिन् (वेदश्रुति), शिव, सत्य, सुधामन् । इन सबके बारह बारह के गण थे । 
  4. इन्द्र---सुशांति (सुकीर्ति,सत्यजित्) । 
  5. अवतार---सत्या का पुत्र सत्य,अथवा धर्म तथा सुनृता का पुत्र सत्यसेन । 
  6. पुत्र---अज,अप्रतिम,(इष,ईष), ऊर्ज,तनूज (तनूर्ज,तर्ज), दिव्य (दिव्यौषधि, देवांबुज), नभ (नय), नभस्य (पवन,परश्रु,परशुचि),,मधु,माधव,शुक्र, शुचि (शुति,सुकेतु) ।

तामस मन्वन्तर n.  
  1. मनु --- तामस । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---अकपि (अकपीवत्), अग्नि,कपि (कपीवत्), काव्य (कवि,चरक), चैत्र (जन्यु,जह्रु, जल्प), ज्योतिर्धर्मन् (ज्योतिर्धामन्, धनद), धातृ (धीमत्, पीवर),पृथु । 
  3. देवगण---वीर,वैधृति,सत्य (सत्यक,साध्य), सुधी, सुरुप,हरि । मार्कण्डेय के अनुसार, इनकी कुल संख्या सत्ताइस है । अन्य ग्रंथों में उल्लेख आता है किम, ये पुत्र एक एक न होकर सत्ताइस सत्ताइस देवों के गण थे । 
  4. इन्द्र---शिखि (त्रिशिख, शिबि) । 
  5. अवतार---हरि, जो हरिमेध तथा हरिणी का पुत्र था । इसे एक स्थान हर्या का पुत्र कहा गया है । 
  6. पुत्र---अकल्मष (अकल्माष), कृतबंधु,कृशाश्व, केतु,क्षांति,खाति (ख्याति)जानुजंघ,तन्वीन्,तपस्य, तपोद्युति (द्युति), तपोधन, तपोभागिन्, तपोमूल, तपोयोगिन्, तपोरति, दृढेषुधि, दान्त, धन्विन्, नर, परंतप, परीक्षित, पृथु,प्रस्थल,प्रियभृत, शयहय,शांत (शांति), शुभ, सनातन, सुतपस् । 
  7. योगवर्धन---कौकुरुण्डि, दाल्भ्य, प्रवहण, शङ्ग, शिव, सस्मित, सित । ये योगवर्धन केवल इसी मन्वंतर में मिलते हैं ।

रैवत मन्वन्तर n.  
  1.  मनु---रैवत । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---ऊर्ध्वबाहु (सोमप), देवबाहु (वेदबाहु), पर्जन्य,महामुनि (मुनि, वसिष्ठ,सत्यनेत्र), यदुध्र, वेदशिरस (वेदश्री, सप्ताश्रु, सुधामन्, सुबाहु,स्वधामन्), हिरण्यरोमन् (हिरण्यलोमन्) । 
  3. देवगण---आभूतरजस् (भूतनय, भूतरजय) । इसके रैभ्य तथा पारिप्लव (वारिप्लव) ये दो भेद हैं । इसके अतिरिक्त अमिताभ, प्रकृति, वैकुंठ, शुभा आदि देवगणों में प्रत्येक में १४ व्यक्ति हैं । 
  4. इन्द्र---विभु । 
  5. अवतार---विष्णु के अनुसार संभूतिपुत्र मानस, तथा भागवत के अनुसार शुभ्र तथा विकुंठा का पुत्र ‘वैकुंठ’। 
  6. पुत्र---अव्यय (हव्यप), अरण्य (आरण्य), अरुण, अर्जुन, कवि (कपि), कंबु, कृतिन्, तत्त्वदर्शिन्, धृतिकृत, धृतिमत्, निरामित्र, निरुत्सुक, निर्मोह, प्रकाश (प्रकाशक), बलबंधु, बाल, महावीर्य, युक्त, वित्तवत्, विंध्य, शुचि, शृंग, सत्यक, सत्यवाच, सुयष्टव्य (सुसंभाव्य), हरहन्।

चाक्षुष मन्वन्तर  n.  
  1. मनु---चाक्षुष । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---अतिनामन्, उत्तम (उन्नत, भृगु), नभ (नाभ, मधु), विरजस् (वीरक), विवस्वत (हविष्मत्), सहिष्णुइ, सुधामन्, सुमेधस् । 
  3. देवगण---आद्य (आप्य), ऋभ, ऋभु, पृथग्भाव (प्रथुक-ग, यूथग), प्रसूत, भव्य (भाव्य,) वारि (वारिमूल), लेख । 
  4. इन्द्र---भवानुभव या मनोजव अथवा मंत्रद्रुम ।
  5. अवतार---विष्णु मतानुसार विकुंठापुत्र वैकुंठ, तथा भागवत मतानुसार वैराज तथा संभूति का पुत्र अजित् । 
  6. पुत्र---अग्निष्टुत, अतिरात्र, अभिमन्यु, ऊरु (रुरु) कृति, तपस्विन्, पुरु(पुरुष,पूरु), शतद्युम्न, सत्यवाच्‍, सुद्युम्न ।

वैवस्वत मन्वन्तर  n.  
  1. मनु --- वैवस्वत । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---अत्रि, कश्यप (काश्यप,वत्सर), गौतम (शरद्वत्), जमदग्नि, भरद्वाज (भारद्वज), वसिष्ठ (वसुमत), विश्वामित्र । 
  3. देवगण---आंगिरस (दस), अश्विनी (दो), आदित्य (बारह), भृगुदेव (दस), मरुत (उन्चास), रुद्र (ग्यारह), वसु (आठ), विश्वेदेव (दस), साध्य (बारह) । 
  4. इन्द्र---ऊर्जास्विन् या पुरंदर या महाबल । 
  5. अवतार---वामन । 
  6. पुत्र---अरिषट (दिष्ट,नाभागारिष्ट, नाभानेदिष्ट, रिष्ट, नेदिष्ट, उद्विष्ट), इक्ष्वाकु इल (सुद्युम्न),करुष, कृशनाभ धृष्ट (धृष्णु), नभ (नभग, नाभाग), नृग, पृशध्र, प्रांशु,वसुमत्, शर्याति ।

सावर्णि मन्वन्तर n.  
  1.  मनु --- सावर्णि ।
  2. सप्तर्षि---अश्वत्थामन्, (द्रोणि), और्व (काश्यप, रुरु, श्रुंग), कृप (शरद्वत, शारद्वत्), गालव (कौशिक), दीप्तिमत्, राम (परशुराम जामदग्न्य), व्यास (शतानंद, पाराशर्य) । 
  3. देवगण---अमिताभ (अमृतप्रभ), मुख्य (सुख,विरज), सुतप (सुतपस्, तप) । 
  4. इन्द्र---बलि (वैरोचन) । बलि वैरोचन की आसक्ति इन्द्रपद पर नहीं रहती है । अतएव कालान्तर में इन्द्रपद छोडकर वह सिद्धगति को प्राप्त करेगा । 
  5. अवतार---देवगुह्य तथा सरस्वती का पुत्र सार्वभौम अवतार होगा, तथा बलि के बाद वह सब व्यवस्था देखेगा । 
  6. पुत्र---अधृष्ट (अधृष्णु), अध्वरीवत् (अवरीयस्, अर्ववीर, उर्वरीयस्, (वीरवत), अपि, अरिष्ट (चरिष्णु,विष्णु), आज्य, ईडय, कृति, (धृति, धृतिमत्), निर्मोह, यवसस्, वसु, वरीयस्, वाच् (वाजवाजिन्, विरज,विरजस्क), वैरिशमन, शुक्र, सत्यवाच्, सुमति ।

दक्षसावर्णि मन्वन्तर  n.  
  1. मनु --- दक्षसावर्णि । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---ज्योतिष्मत्, द्युतिमत, मेधातिथि (मेधामृति, माधातिथि), वसु, सत्य (सुतपास, पौलह), सबल (सवन, वसित, वसिन), हव्यवाहन (हव्य, भव्य) । 
  3. देव---दक्षपुत्र हरित के पुत्र निर्मोह, पार (पर,संभूत), मरिचिगर्भ, सुधर्म, सुधर्मन, सुशर्माण । इनमें से हर एक के साथ बारह व्यक्ति हैं । 
  4. इन्द्र---कार्तिकेय ही आगे चलकर अद्‌भुत नाम से इन्द्र होगा । 
  5. अवतार---आयुष्मत् एवं अंबुधारा का पुत्र ऋषभ अवतार होगा । 
  6. पुत्र---अनीक (ऋ.चीक, अर्चिष्मत्, नाक), खड्‌गहस्त (पंचहस्त, पंचहोत्र, शापहस्त), गय, दीप्तिकेतु (दासकेतु, बर्हकेतु), धृष्टकेतु (धृतिकेतु, भूतकेतु), निराकृति (निरामय), पुथुश्रवस् (पृथश्रवस्), बृहत (बृहद्रथ, बृहद्यश,) भूरिद्युम्न ।

ब्रह्मसावर्णि मन्वन्तर  n.  
  1. मनु --- ब्रह्मसावर्णि । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---आपांमूर्ति (आपोमूर्ति), अप्रतिम (अप्रतिमौजस, प्रतिम,प्रामति), अभिमन्यु (नभस, सप्तकेतु), अष्टम (वसिष्ठ, वशिष्ठ, सत्य,सद्य), नभोग (नाभाग),सुकृति (सुकीर्ति), हविष्मति । 
  3. देव---अर्चि सुखामन, सुखासीन, सुधाम, सुधामान, सुवासन, धूम,निरुद्ध, विरुद्ध । 
  4. इन्द्र---शान्ति नामक इन्द्र होगा । 
  5. अवतार---विश्वसृष्टय के गृह में विषूचि के गर्भ से विष्वक्सेन नाम्क अवतार होगा । 
  6. पुत्र---अनमित्र निरामित्र, उत्तमौजस, जयद्रथ, निकुषंश, भूरिद्युम्न, भूरिषेण, भूरिसेन, वीरवत् (वीर्यवत्), वृषभ, बृषसेन,शतानीक, सुक्षेत्र, सुपर्वन, सुवर्चस, हरिषेण।

धर्मसावर्णि मन्वन्तर  n.  
  1. मनु---धर्मसावर्णि । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---अग्नितेजस्, अनघ (तनय, नग, भग), अरुण (आरुणि, तरुण, वारुणि), उदधिष्णन् (उरुधिष्ण्य, पुष्टि, विष्टि, विष्णु), निश्चर, वपुष्मत्, (ऋ.ष्टि), हविष्मत् ।
  3. देव---तीस कामग (काम-गम, कामज), तीस निर्माणरत (निर्वाणरति, निर्वाणरुचि), तीस मनोजव (विहंगम) । 
  4. इन्द्र---वृष (वृषन्, वैधृत) इन्द्र होगा । 
  5. अवतार---इस मन्वन्तर के अवतार का नाम धर्मसेतु है, जो धर्म (आर्यक) एवं वैधृति के पुत्र के रुम में जन्म लेनेवाला है । 
  6. पुत्र---आदर्श, क्षेमधन्वन् (क्षेमधर्मन्, हेमधन्वन्), गृहेषु (दृढायु), देवानीक, पुरुद्वह (पुरोवह) पौण्ड्रक (पंडक), मत (मनु, मरु), संवर्तक (सर्वग, सर्वत्रग, सर्ववेग, सत्यधर्म), सर्वधर्मन (सुधर्मन्, सुशर्मन्) ।

रुद्रसावर्णि मन्वन्तर  n.  
  1. मनु---रुद्रसावर्णि । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---तपस्विन, तपोधन, (तपोनिधि, तमोशन, तपोधृति, तपोमति), तपोमूर्ति, तपोरति (तपोरवि), द्युति (अग्निध्रक, कृति), सुतपस्। 
  3. देव---रोहित (लोहित), सुकर्मन् (सुवर्ण), सुतार (तार,सुधर्मन्,सुपार), सुमनस्। 
  4. इन्द्र---ऋतधामन् नामक इन्द्र होनेवाला है । ५. अवतार---सत्यसहस् तथा सूनृता का पुत्र स्वधामन् अवतार होगा ।६. पुत्र---उपदेव (अहूर), देववत् (देववायू,) देवश्रेष्ठ, मित्रकृत (अमित्रहा, मित्रहा), मित्रदेव (चित्रसेन, मित्रबिंदु, मित्रविंद,) मित्रबाहु, मित्रवत्, विदूरथ, सुवर्चस्।

रौच्य मन्वन्तर  n.  
  1. मनु---रौच्य । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---अव्यव (पथ्यवत्, हव्याप) तत्वदर्शिन्, द्युतिमत्, निरुत्सुक, निर्मोक, निष्कंप, निष्प्रकंप, सुतपस् । 
  3. देव---सुकर्मन्. सुत्रामन (सुशर्मन), सुधर्मन् । प्रत्येक देवगण तीस देवों का होगा । 
  4. इन्द्र---दिवस्पति (दिवस्वामिन्) । 
  5. अवतार---देवहोत्र तथा बृहती का पुत्र अवतार होगा ।
  6. पुत्र---अनेक क्षत्रबद्ध (क्षत्रविद्ध, क्षत्रविद्धि, क्षत्रवृद्धि), चित्रसेन, तप (नय, नियति), धर्मधृत, (धर्मभृत, सुव्रत), धृत (भव), निर्भय, पृथ (दृध), विचित्र, सुतपस् (सुरस), सुनेत्र ।

भौत्य मन्वन्तर n.  
  1. मनु---भौत्य । 
  2. सप्तर्षि---अग्निबाहु (अतिबाहु), अग्निध्र (आग्नीध्र), अजित, भार्गव (मागध, माधव, श्वाजित), मुत (युक्त), शुक्र, शुचि । 
  3. देव---कनिष्ठ, चाक्षुष, पवित्र, भाजित (भाजिर, भ्राजिर), वाचावृद्ध (धारावृक) । प्रत्येक के साथ पॉंच पॉंच देव होगे । 
  4. इन्द्र---शुचि ही इस समय इन्द्र होगा । 
  5. अवतार---सत्रायण एवं विताना का पुत्र बृहद्भानु अवतार होगा । 
  6. पुत्र---अभिमानिन् (श्रीमानिन्), उग्र (ऊरु, अनुग्रह), कृतिन् (जिष्णु, विष्णु), गभीर (तरंगभीरु), गुरु, तरस्वान् (बुद्ध, बुद्धि,ब्रध्न), तेजस्विन्, (ऊर्जस्विन्, ओजस्विन्), प्रतीर (प्रवीण), शुचि, शुद्ध, सबल, सुबल) ।


We have tried our best to check facts. But We are humans. Human nature is to do mistake . so please verify facts, if you feel we are wrong. We are sorry for that.In case you find any mistake in our video , then inform us. we will try to rectify it. English To Hindi translations are not in literal sense.Please do not use social media for news. Before believing any news on social media, confirm it from any reliable source. 
हमने तथ्यों की जांच करने की पूरी कोशिश की है, लेकिन हम इंसान हैं| मानव प्रकृति गलती करना है|अगर आपको लगता है कि हम गलत हैं, तो कृपया तथ्यों की पुष्टि करें।यदि आप हमारे वीडियो में कोई गलती पाते हैं, तो हमें सूचित करें। हम इसे सुधारने का प्रयास करेंगे|अंग्रेजी से हिंदी अनुवाद शाब्दिक अर्थों में नहीं हैं|
कृपया समाचार के लिए सोशल मीडिया का उपयोग न करें। सोशल मीडिया के किसी भी खबर पर विश्वास करने से पहले, किसी विश्वसनीय स्रोत से इसकी पुष्टि करें|



Sunday, February 18, 2018

What is science and how it works?

1. What do you think science is all about?
Answer:
2. What do you think scientists do? How do they achieve the goals of science?
Answer: Many people consider think that scientist is similar (not same) to detectives. But in my viewpoint, a better word is “Satyanweshi ”  i.e. “The Truth Seeker”. Moreover, a scientist has to examine everything from the critical point of view. Scientist achieves their goal by using scientific methods which includes:
Observation – seeing, hearing, touching…
Asking a question – why or how?
Hypothesis – a fancy name for an educated guess about what causes something to happen.
Prediction – what you think will happen if…
Testing – this is where you get to experiment and be creative.
Conclusion – decide how your test results relate to your predictions.
Communicate – share your results so others can learn from your work and verify your work.
The elements of the scientific method can be used by anyone to help answer questions. Even though these elements can be used in an ordered manner, they do not have to follow the same order. It is better to think of the scientific method as a fluid process that can take different paths depending on the situation. Just be sure to incorporate all of the elements when seeking unbiased answers.
3. Do you think scientists ask questions? What sorts of questions do you think scientists ask? IF NO, go to Question 5.
Answer: Yes, Scientist asks questions. The scientist asks all sorts of questions, sometimes wired ones also.  It involves a wide variety of questions. Few examples are given below:
1. Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Erwin Schrödinger. It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead, a state known as a quantum superposition, as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.
2. Dr. Ian Stevenson (University of Virginia School of Medicine) asked question about reincarnation. 
4. How do scientists answer their questions? Can you give an example of a scientist’s question and what he or she would do to answer it?
Answer: Different types of scientist used different elements of the scientific method. Biologist, Theoretical physicist and experimental physicist use different approaches. Elements such as Observation, Hypothesis, Prediction remains same but Testing methods vary as per resources available for experiment, nature of problems. Sometimes thought experiments such as “Schrödinger's cat” are the only way forward.
Example: All the galaxies we can see are rotating. A significant discrepancy exists between the observed speed of galaxy rotation and a speed of galaxy rotation from theory. Why?????
If our galaxy contained just the matter we can see – planets, gas, etc – the galaxy rotation should cause it to spin apart. The galaxy rotation problem is the discrepancy between observed galaxy rotation curves and the theoretical prediction, assuming a centrally dominated mass associated with the observed luminous material. When mass profiles of galaxies are calculated from the distribution of stars in spirals and mass-to-light ratios in the stellar disks, they do not match with the masses derived from the observed rotation curves and the law of gravity.
The theory of dark matter was postulated to account for this difference. We know (with the help of mathematical simulations) there should be more Mass in a galaxy so that gravity can counter outward push of centrifugal force.
Three ways of Answers to this paradox:
1.  Theoretical simulations: We simulate our universe on basis known laws of physics and generate results which shows the distribution of dark matter in the universe according to our best cosmological models. A sophisticated numerical computer model can track nearly 1010 dark matter particles interacting under the influence of gravity from the beginning of the universe until the present.
2. Indirect detection experiments search for the products of the self-annihilation or decay of dark matter particles in outer space. For example, in regions of high dark matter density (e.g. the center of our galaxy) two dark matter particles could annihilate to produce gamma rays or Standard Model particle-antiparticle pairs. Alternatively, if the dark matter particle is unstable, it could decay into standard model (or other) particles. These processes could be detected indirectly through an excess of gamma rays, antiprotons or positrons emanating from high-density regions in our galaxy or others. A few of the dark matter particles passing through the Sun or Earth may scatter off atoms and lose energy. Thus dark matter may accumulate at the center of these bodies, increasing the chance of collision/annihilation. This could produce a distinctive signal in the form of high-energy neutrinos. Such a signal would be strong indirect proof of Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP) dark matter. High-energy neutrino telescopes are used for such detection.
3. Making Dark Matter in Hadron Collider (particle accelerators), some scientist are trying to produce dark matter particles at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). If they were created at the LHC, they would escape through the detectors unnoticed. However, they would carry away energy and momentum, so physicists could infer their existence from the amount of energy and momentum “missing” after a collision.
5. What is an experiment?
Answer: An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exists natural experimental studies.
In the scientific method, an experiment is an empirical procedure that arbitrates competing models or hypotheses. Researchers also use experimentation to test existing theories or new hypotheses to support or disprove them.
6. Why do scientists do experiments? IF ‘‘to test ideas’’ THEN: How does the test tell the scientist something about the idea?
Answer: An experiment usually tests a hypothesis, which is an expectation about how a particular process or phenomenon works. However, an experiment may also aim to answer a "what-if" question, without a specific expectation about what the experiment reveals, or to confirm prior results. If an experiment is carefully conducted, the results usually either support or disprove the hypothesis. According to some philosophies of science, an experiment can never "prove" a hypothesis (idea), it can only add support. On the other hand, an experiment that provides a counterexample can disprove a theory or hypothesis (idea).
7. How does a scientist decide what experiment to do?
Answer: Francis Bacon (1561–1626), a philosopher and scientist disagreed with the method of answering scientific questions by deduction and described it as follows: "Having first determined the question according to his will, man then resorts to experience, and bending her to conformity with his placets, leads her about like a captive in a procession." Bacon wanted a method that relied on repeatable observations or experiments. Notably, he first ordered the scientific method as we understand it today.
There are various differences in experimental practice in each of the branches of science. For example,
1. Agricultural research frequently uses randomized experiments (e.g., to test the comparative effectiveness of different fertilizers), while
2. Experimental economics often involves experimental tests of theorized human behaviors without relying on random assignment of individuals to treatment and control conditions.
3. In engineering and the physical sciences, experiments are a primary component of the scientific method. They are used to test theories and hypotheses about how physical processes work under particular conditions (e.g., whether a particular engineering process can produce the desired chemical compound). Typically, experiments in these fields focus on replication of identical procedures in hopes of producing identical results in each replication. Random assignment is uncommon.
4. In medicine and the social sciences, the prevalence of experimental research varies widely across disciplines. When used, however, experiments typically follow the form of the clinical trial, where experimental units (usually individual human beings) are randomly assigned to a treatment or control condition where one or more outcomes are assessed. In contrast to norms in the physical sciences, the focus is typically on the average treatment effect (the difference in outcomes between the treatment and control groups) or another test statistic produced by the experiment. A single study typically does not involve replications of the experiment, but separate studies may be aggregated through systematic review and meta-analysis.
5. In some disciplines (e.g., psychology or political science), a 'true experiment' is a method of social research in which there are two kinds of variables. The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter, and the dependent variable is measured. The signifying characteristic of a true experiment is that it randomly allocates the subjects to neutralize experimenter bias, and ensures, over a large number of iterations of the experiment, that it controls for all confounding factors.
8. What is a hypothesis? Do you think a hypothesis is the same as a guess or do you think there is a difference? What is the difference?
Answer: The adjective hypothetical, meaning "having the nature of a hypothesis", or "being assumed to exist as an immediate consequence of a hypothesis", can refer to any of these meanings of the term "hypothesis". A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Even though the words "hypothesis" and "theory" are often used synonymously, a scientific hypothesis is not the same as a scientific theory. A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research.
A hypothesis is a suggested solution for an unexplained occurrence that does not fit into the current accepted scientific theory. The basic idea of a hypothesis is that there is no pre-determined outcome. For a hypothesis to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be something that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. This is called falsifiability and testability, an idea that was advanced in the mid-20th century a British philosopher named Karl Popper.
People refer to a trial solution to a problem as a hypothesis often called an "educated guess" because it provides a suggested solution based on the evidence. However, some scientists reject the term "educated guess" as incorrect. Experimenters may test and reject several hypotheses before solving the problem.
9. Do you think a scientist’s ideas influence the experiments he or she does? IF YES: How? IF NO: Do scientists ever test their ideas?
Answer: No, It should not because it may cause observational bias. Yes, Scientist always tests their ideas.
10. What is a theory? Do you think scientists have theories?
Answer: A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can be repeatedly tested, in accordance with the scientific method, using a predefined protocol of observation and experiment. Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and embody scientific knowledge. Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions. They describe the causes of a particular natural phenomenon and are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or specific areas of inquiry (for example, electricity, chemistry, and astronomy). Yes, Scientists have theories. They use theories to further scientific knowledge, as well as to facilitate advances in technology or medicine. As with other forms of scientific knowledge, scientific theories are both deductive and inductive, aiming for predictive and explanatory power.
11. Do you think a scientist’s theory influences his or her ideas about specific experiments? How?
Answer: Yes, Sometimes it happens scientist are also humans. But In science such influences may lead to wrong understanding or wrong interpretation of an experiment. One such example is Linus Pauling, (only person ever to win two unshared Nobel prizes). He received these awards for chemistry in 1954 and for peace in 1962. He contributed greatly to the development of chemical theories. His impact on the health marketplace, however, was anything but laudable. Pauling is largely responsible for the widespread misbelief that high doses of vitamin C are effective against colds and other illnesses. In 1968, he postulated that people's needs for vitamins and other nutrients vary markedly and that to maintain good health, many people need amounts of nutrients much greater than the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). And he speculated that megadoses of certain vitamins and minerals might well be the treatment of choice for some forms of mental illness. He termed this approach "orthomolecular," meaning "right molecule."  No responsible medical or nutrition scientists share these views. Scientific fact is established when the same experiment is carried out over and over again with the same results. To test the effect of vitamin C on colds, it is necessary to compare groups which get the vitamin to similar groups which get a placebo (a dummy pill which looks like the real thing). Since the common cold is a very variable illness, proper tests must involve hundreds of people for significantly long periods of time. At least 16 well-designed, double-blind studies have shown that supplementation with vitamin C does not prevent colds and at best may slightly reduce the symptoms of a cold. Slight symptom reduction may occur as the result of an antihistamine-like effect, but whether this has practical value is a matter of dispute. Pauling's views are based on the same studies considered by other scientists, but his analyses are flawed. In 1976, Pauling and Dr. Ewan Cameron, a Scottish physician, reported that a majority of one hundred "terminal" cancer patients treated with 10,000 mg of vitamin C daily survived three to four times longer than similar patients who did not receive vitamin C supplements. However, Dr. William DeWys, chief of clinical investigations at the National Cancer Institute, found that the study was poorly designed because the patient groups were not comparable.
12. If a scientist does an experiment and the results are not as he or she expected, would the scientist consider this a bad result? Why or why not? Can they learn anything from this? What?
Answer: No, Unexpected results are not Bad results per say, if the experiment is performed in the correct manner. Unexpected results provide a chance of improvement in current understanding of a natural phenomenon. Scientist do an analysis of this result and come up with a much better version of a theory.
13. Say a scientist is going to do an experiment to test his or her idea. Would a scientist do an experiment that might prove this idea is wrong? Why or why not?
Answer: Yes, A scientist does an experiment that might prove this idea is wrong. Science is not about satisfying an individual’s ego but to know the truth of existence. Sometimes truth is not what we think. But it still increases our understanding of nature.
14. What happens to a scientist’s ideas once he has done a test?
Answer: Scientist does following steps after performing tests.
1. Analysis – Scientist do the analysis of results of his test and checks whether it satisfies our hypothesis or not. 
2. Conclusion – decide how your test results relate to your predictions.
3. Communicate – share your results so others can learn from your work and verify your work.
15. Do scientists ever change their ideas? IF YES: When would they do that and why?

Answer: Yes, scientists change their ideas. Whenever unexpected results of repeated tests appear. Scientist changes their ideas because Science is not about satisfying an individual’s ego but to know the truth of existence.

Monday, May 8, 2017

Pakistan : Misusing Islam for Political Namak Harami , A Stigma on Muslims.


PAKISTAN ranked by Google as WORLD LEADER in online searches for Child rape, Donkey Sex , Camel Sex (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYut_oa_fis) american drone record video of pakistani having sex with goat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9NB2Xz5yyA(Pakistans Hidden Shame FULL DOCUMENTARY:child sex)
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q93qgYqHec4) Reply Proof That Arabs Treat Non-Arab Muslims As Dogs - Eye Opener To Pakistanis Pretending To Be Arabs(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tC5B3dHSydI) Saudis Don't Give A F**k About Pakistanis - Hassan Nisar(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9KE09xun8A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oYJO1wK_Ys (Stupidest law in the world - AJE investigates Pakistan's blasphemy law)

Pakistan muslman nahi dhokhebaaj hai. Begarat Pakistani goverment Chinese communist party ke samne bheekh mangne mein nahi sarmate hai. Tab pakistani I*lam gaadh marne chala jata hai,jab Chinese goverment Uyghur Musl**s ke danda karti hai. Pakistan is only nation who works with China ,helping them to kill Uyghur Musl**s. Abe jake apni government se kah ki China se bheek mangna band kare, kyo ki Chinese yuan Uyghur Musl**s ke khoon se sana hai.  Pakistani log muslman nahi ,sirf namak haram saudi servants ho, jo muslim hone ka dikava kar rahe ho. Pakistni-Cyno collaboration was perfectly named as RANDI. Dekh teri govenrment jis Chinese communist party ke samne hath failati ,woh Uyghur Musl**s ki gaand mein kaise danda karti hai. China is suspicious of the Uyghur community in Pakistan, generally viewing them as supporters of the East Turkestan independence movement. Pakistan has given them a friendly reception, but shows a cool attitude towards any promotion of separatism. China claims that members of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement have taken refuge in Lahore . In 1997, fourteen Uyghur students with Chinese nationality studying in Pakistan were deported back to China after they organised a sympathy protest in support of riots in Ghulja; Amnesty International claims that they were executed. In 2009, another nine Uyghurs captured in Waziristan were extradited to China. As of 2015, the Pakistani government asserted that Uyghur militants were no longer present in the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan. Omar Uyghur Trust.Omar and Akbar Khan, two Uyghur brothers in Pakistan, set up a cultural organisation, the Omar Uyghur Trust, to educate their community's children in the Uyghur language and culture. The group's organisers claim that the Chinese government has exerted diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to shut them down, and in late 2009 harassed one Uyghur with Pakistani citizenship during his trip to China in an attempt to get him to spy on the group. In April 2010, the founders fled from police in the aftermath of a raid which saw their parents and two younger brothers detained. Again, they did not blame the Pakistani government for the situation, but attributed the action to pressure from the Chinese government.There is also a Chinese Overseas Association which represents Pakistani Uyghurs.
Guesthouses:Pakistan also used to have a number of Uyghur community reception centres.Kashgarabad, located in Islamabad, was run by wealthy Uyghur traders. Anwar ul-Ulum Abu Hanifa Madrassah was run by a man named Sheikh Serajuddin in Rawalpindi. A third, Hotanabad, was also located near Islamabad. Hotanabad was shut down in December 2000, a situation which the Uyghur American Association also attributes to pressure from China. Kashgarabad and Hotanabad both suffered another shutdown in 2006.
 (Dolkun Issa questions Pakistan’s silence banning Muslims from observing Ramzan in Xinjiang) http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/uyghur-leader-dolkun-issa-questions-pakistans-silence-banning-muslims-from-observing-ramzan-in-xinjiang-2880694/ 
Uighur activist questions Pak silence on Xinjiang (http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/Uighur-activist-questions-Pak-silence-on-Xinjiang/article14401373.ece)
Islamophobia in China and Pakistan’s vow of silence (https://www.dawn.com/news/1173034)
Pakistan says 'almost all' Uighur militants eliminated (https://www.dawn.com/news/1204443)
चीन ने लगाई नमाज और बुरखे पर प्रतिबंध पाकिस्तान के जिहाद के कारण (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDitH6duOiE) Pakistani media warning to China जफर हिलाली ने दी चाइना को धमकी(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuO2Q_Psgpw) 
China Bans List of Islamic Names, Including ‘Muhammad’, in Xinjiang Region (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-27/china-bans-list-of-islamic-names-including-muhammad-in-xinjiang-region) 
China bans Islamic names in Muslim-dominated region (https://www.thecable.ng/china-bans-islamic-names-muslim-dominated-region)
China bans Islamic baby names in Muslim majority Xinjiang province (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/25/china-bans-islamic-baby-names-muslim-majority-xinjiang-province/)
China Bans Many Muslim Baby Names in Xinjiang (https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/24/china-bans-many-muslim-baby-names-xinjiang)
China Issues Ban on Many Muslim Names in Xinjiang ( https://www.voanews.com/a/china-issues-ban-on-many-muslim-names-in-xinjiang/3826118.html )
China bans religious names for Muslim babies in Xinjiang (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/25/china-bans-religious-names-for-muslims-babies-in-xinjiang)
China bans Islamic baby names in Muslim majority Xinjiang province (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-ban-islamic-baby-names-muslim-xinjiang-province-uyghurs-burqa-islam-jihad-human-rights-a7700646.html)
China Bans Islamic Names Including Jihad, Islam, and Mohammed (https://pjmedia.com/faith/2017/04/28/china-bans-islamic-names-including-jihad-islam-and-mohammed/)
http://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/china-govt-bans-ramzan-fasting-in-xinjiang/ar-BBtWyZX?li=AAggbRN&ocid=ASUDHP  (China govt bans Ramzan fasting in Xinjiang)
Chinese City Bans Beards, Islamic Style Clothing On Buses During Event (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbAOQzXxSys)
No Beards, No Veils: Uighur Muslim Identity Under Pressure In China's Xinjiang (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rjUSjFDx2o)
China imposes restrictions on Muslim Uighurs (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViAOkIrkv9k)
Chinese City Bans Beards, Islamic style Clothing On Buses (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32znK5LhsZU)
China Making strict Steps to Ban Islam , Pakistan defend his New Master (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rH5iBFTnUi0)
Chinese City Bans Beards, Islamic-style Clothing On Buses (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PfXTZOpzSs)
China's burqa and 'abnormal' beard ban (WION Gravitas) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Te150oDIXBY)
DNA: China bans 'abnormal' beards and burqas in Muslim province of Xinjiang (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRmns56h1vY)
Why China is banning beards and veils in Xinjiang- last news 24/7 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pFpOn2HgOw)
Anti-Muslim sentiment on the rise in China (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuZqdqwx1mg)
CHINA BANS MUSLIM NAMES (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fEMMCwG4r0)
China bans Islamic Names (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLbUlEyCed8)
China bans religious names for Muslim babies in Xinjiang (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOX6Lwv2OAg)
Pakistan to kick Uyghur Muslim for China-master (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCPDOsmFj9E)
Pakistan Dogs and Chinese Monkeys alliance against Uyghur Muslim in East Turkistan(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVNw6iFtpgE)
Real Chinese hate Muslims and Pakistanis (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpzovzNdYkw)

Pakistan's Friend China being Scared and Imposed Ban on Muslim Names Like saddam (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7UHVvfkcSc)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCPDOsmFj9E Pakistan to kick Uyghur Muslim for China-master https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZGa-tbTDkQ (Ramadan and Musl**s Under Attack From Chinese Government) Chinese mobs attack Uyghur Muslim (East Turkistan) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msdcROcGNVI) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5IwwnP5e78 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=im2l6AjCqL4 (Police shot dead 2 Uyghur men in the front of running camera) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HXnr08yNVs (China imposes restrictions on Muslim Uyghurs: ALIAZeera, they can n't grow beard) . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UjfyEle1h8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFtdaqQ45jU(China bans Musl**s from fasting during Ramadan) http://www.firstpost.com/world/chinas-trying-to-suppress-information-about-a-massacre-that-killed-50-people-say-reports-2476276.html China's trying to suppress information about a massacre that killed 50 people, say reports https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5IwwnP5e78 China's Ruthless Crackdown On Its Muslim Population https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gm4uVWNAc0k The Uighurs versus the Chinese Government https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EU0EQlmfDY China's Uighurs face fasting restrictions -- 10 Sept 2008 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCz6-kfycpc Xinjiang Repression – China https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQe7aWEYkUc East Turkistan & China (Inside Story - Al Jazeera English ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqT8yOt0hBE Uighurs' struggle to retain cultural identity - 07 July 09 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXXQbGLpLXk China Bans Ramadan Fasting For Musl**s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoQ7DTOhcu4 China's changing approach to reporting Xinjiang - 08 Jul 09 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHykkBlyk6U 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-PYC_lCfVQ Why Is China Cracking Down On Muslim Culture? China exporting prostitutes to Pakistan, Pakistan helping China to kill Uyghur Musl**s Dum hai to awaj udtha Uyghur Musl**s ke liye , Dekh na phir teri muslim ISI kaise teri gaand mein danda kar degi. Pakistani I*lam ki asliyat he yeh. Yeh Namak Haram kya jaane I*LAM ke baare main. Their military begs in front of china which doesn’t even allow muslim women to give birth , does not even allow to pray. Pakistani I*lam ki asliyat he yeh. Yeh Namak Haram kya jaane I*LAM ke baare main. Their military begs in front of china which doesn’t even allow muslim women to give birth and Chienes goverment do not allow to fast in Ramjan, Chinese soldiers rapes Uyghur Musl**s woman, Uyghur Musl**s does not even allow to pray. Ab ja ke chullu bhar pani mein doob ja, kyo ki tu ek jhoota muslman aka true Saudi servent hai.

Pakistani General Zia Ul Haq ne 2500-5000 Palestinians ko jorden ke king kahne par mara tha. 
Yeh kutte, dhokhebaaj Palestinians ke baat bhi kaise karte hain. Teri country 5000 musulmano ke murder ko apna highest postion diya tha. apne apko muslman kahne ke chullu bhar pani mein doob kar mar kyo nahi jate. (Role of Muslim)Pakistan's Role in Black September and killing of 10000 Palestinians under Brig. Zia Ul Haq https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hB8Z0VyjFF0 In English : http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?147003-Pakistan-s-Role-in-Black-September-and-killing-of-25-000-Palestinians-under-Brig-Zia-Ul-Haq http://www.topentity.com/dinesh-lal-yadav/videos/black-september-when-pakistan-army-generals-massacred-10-000-palestinians-watch-Wlg1WmNYaXUzcVU.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqFO6p9_cfU https://lubpak.com/archives/673 http://www.themuslimtimes.org/2013/07/countries/pakistan/5th-july-1977-mard-e-momin-zia-ul-haq-the-butcher-of-palestenians-takes-over-pakistan http://Muha**admoeen.blogspot.in/2008/12/black-september-and-role-of-pakistan.html http://www.pakpassion.net/ppforum/archive/index.php/t-165996.html 
http://www.smh.com.au/world/migrant-crisis-pakistanis-others-dumping-ids-to-become-syrian-20150906-gjggcn.html Migrant crisis: Pakistanis, others dumping IDs to become 'Syrian'.

Massive killings of Ahmadiyya in Pakistan: Part -3
The only Scientist who won Nobel Prize for Pakistan. ABDUL SALAM (check name’s spelling). But he left Pakistan Why? Because He is a Ahmadiya Muslim and when GOP passed a resolution in their parliament which declared that Ahmadiya Muslims in Pakistan will not be considered real Muslim. ABDUL SALAM left Pakistan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Pakistan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlL5fz-dwEs (The Express Tribune: Ahmadiyya Persecution in Pakistan (Ahmadiyya Islam))
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcSZVXEQM5k (Futile attempts at declaring Ahmadiyya Islam out of the fold of Islam)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yAnt6eJ-wc (Ahmadis Face Continuous Persecution in Pakistan 2012)
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2ig8ag (Persecution of Ahmadis Early Years - Islam Ahmadiyya Qadiani)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Cr4MNNCzxk (Persecution of Ahmadis in 1984 to present - Islam Ahmadiyya Qadiani)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRJIMSYq13o (Subh e Pakistan program incites hatred against Ahmadiyya Muslium)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pn1YAn7eOEg (Hate Campaign Against Ahmadis spreading from Pakistan to UK)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECdBnE-Kj7k (Hounding of Ahmadi Muslims in Pakistan)
A propaganda film of Pakistani Hate mongering against minorities.
https://vimeo.com/51914219 (Persecution by Ahmadiyya on Muslims in Pakistan | Qadiani Terrorist Kidnapped Muslim Children | Must Watch) http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xujrv5_abduction-persecution-by-ahmadiyya-ahmadi-tyranny-exclusive-ex-qadiani-report-urdu_news (Abduction, Persecution by Ahmadiyya | Ahmadi Tyranny | Exclusive Ex-Qadiani Report [Urdu])


Why Sunni Musl**s are killing Shia Musl**s? Idiots are everywhere in every religion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism_in_Pakistan
Pakistan's Shia genocide
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/11/201211269131968565.html
WHO’S KILLING PAKISTAN’S SHIA AND WHY?
http://warontherocks.com/2014/05/whos-killing-pakistans-shia-and-why/
Pakistan : Shia Musl**s
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/402592/cig_pakistan_shias_v1_0_2015_02_10.pdf
Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists
https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/29/pakistan-rampant-killings-shia-extremists
Time for Shias to leave Pakistan
http://www.dawn.com/news/786738/time-for-shias-to-leave-pakistan
“If this isn’t Shia genocide, what is?”
http://www.dawn.com/news/744925/if-this-isnt-shia-genocide-what-is
Hazara Shia genocide and the evils we don’t see
http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/06/06/national/hazara-shia-genocide-and-the-evils-we-dont-see/
THE LAHORE LOG: Curbing the persecution of Shias
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2941645/THE-LAHORE-LOG-Curbing-persecution-Shias.html
The Persecution of Shia Musl**s in Saudi Arabia
http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1015700
KILLING OF SHIA PEOPLE IN PAKISTAN TAKES TOLL ON PAKISTANI AMERICAN FAMILIES
http://pavementpieces.com/killing-of-shia-people-in-pakistan-takes-toll-on-pakistani-american-families/
Persecution of Shias in Pakistan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sPEaVnpuQc
'Hell on Earth': Inside Quetta's Hazara community
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22248500
Is There Any Hope for Pakistan's Shias?
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/there-any-hope-for-pakistans-shias
Early Warning Signs of Shia Genocide in Pakistan
http://thediplomat.com/2014/05/early-warning-signs-of-shia-genocide-in-pakistan/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WQem0AfMzE  (Pakistan Shia-Sunni divide grown to total destruction level - Check this animosity)

Jinnah was against according any democratic right to the people who lived in the Princely States. Of the 600 Princely States only ten had Muslim rulers. The Muslims of Kashmir were striving for their rights against the Hindu Maharaja. In their anxiety to please the British the Muslim League forgot the existence of their fellow Muslim brothers. They challenged the Congress for the rights of the Hindu rulers of Kashmir. On 28 March 1939 the Viceroy wrote regarding another meeting with Jinnah, "But he [Jinnah] was satisfied now. He thought that the present system would not work, and that a mistake had been committed in going so far."
The above statement proves that Jinnah was annoyed about the rights given to the States. He maintained that India did not need any final transfer of power, and that those who made such demands were unaware of the existing conditions. Democracy could not prevail in a country like India. It was a mistake to have held elections in the States and to have handed over the rights to the elected representatives. This statement of Jinnah was a godsend for the British. The British had prayed long and hard for an indigenous political party which would become the sworn enemy of democracy, support British policy, and be prepared to fight its enemies!


Muhammad Ali Jinnah a Scotch-drinking, occasionally pork-eating, who dabbled with champagne was a secular lawyer. His picture with a glass of Champagne with Agha Hilaly adorns Hillay house in Karachi. When Zafar Hilaly was Ambassador in Yemen and Ziaul Haq visited Yemen he demanded that picture from the ambassadors office be removed. He chastised Zafar for displaying that picture of M.A. Jinnah.
Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone?
Book by Lal Khan
Pakistan may today be a byword for I*lamic extremism and military rule, but its founder was a dandyish Anglophile who drove a Bentley, enjoyed billiards and was described by one gushing biographer as "sounding like Ronald Coleman, dressing like Anthony Eden, adored by most women and admired by most men". Did the bearded men and burka-clad women know that their beloved Jinnah enjoyed drinking and, according to some reports, even ate ham sandwiches? - In Jinnah's footsteps
M.C.Chagla who was Jinnah's legal apprentice and ,later, the first
Indian Muslim to be appointed chief justice of Bombay's high court remembers in his "Roses in December, An Autobiobraphy" an afternoon of 1923(?) when he and Jinnah were going out to lunch:" Mrs. Jinnah drove up to the Town Hall in Jinnah's luxurious limousine, stepped out with a tiffin basket, and coming up the steps ... said..."J"!-that is how she called him-"guess what I have brought for you for lunch." Jinnah answered :"How should I know?" and she replied:"I have brought you some lovely ham sandwiches."Jinnah,startled exclaimed:"My God! What have you done? Do you want me to lose my election? Do you realise I am standing from a Muslim separate electorate seat, and if my voters were to learn that I am going to eat ham sandwiches for lunch, do you think I have a ghost of a chance of being elected?" At this Mrs. Jinnah's face fell. She quickly took back the tiffin basket, ran down the steps, and drove away...We decided to go to Cornagalia's, which was a very wellknown resturaunt in Bombay...Jinnah ordered two cups of coffee, a plate of pastry and a plate of pork sausages....As we were drinking our coffee and enjoying our sausages, in came an old bearded Muslim with a young boy of about ten years of age, probably his grandson. They came and sat down near Jinnah. It was obvious that they had been directed from the Town Hall...I saw the boy's hand reaching out slowly but irresistibly towards the plate of pork suasages. After some hesitation, he picked up one, put it in his mouth, munched it and seemed to enjoy it tremendously. I watched this uneasily...After some time they left and Jinnah turned to me, and said angrily:"Chagla you should be ashamed of yourself." I said:"What did I do?"Jinnah asked:"How dare you allow the young boy to eat pork sausages?"I said:"Look, Jinnah,I had to use all my mental faculties at top speed to come to a quick decision. The question was: should I let Jinnah lose his election or should I let the boy go to eternal damnation? And I decided in your favour." Note: At that time Jinnah was running a campaign for the Legislative Assembly Muslim seat from Bombay ( the elections were in Nov. 1923).I am quoting this from Stanley Wolpert's "Jinnah of Pakistan". It is considered among the best biographies of Jinnah. In her book "Breaking the Curfew" Emma Duncan recounts her interview with  "Amir-ul-Momineen" Gen Zia-ul-Haq. At the end of the interview "Amir-ul-Momineen" gave the interviewer some books related to Pakistan, which included this book "Jinnah of Pakistan".
Jinnah was against according any democratic right to the people who lived in the Princely States. Of the 600 Princely States only ten had Muslim rulers. The Muslims of Kashmir were striving for their rights against the Hindu Maharaja. In their anxiety to please the British the Muslim League forgot the existence of their fellow Muslim brothers. They challenged the Congress for the rights of the Hindu rulers of Kashmir. On 28 March 1939 the Viceroy wrote regarding another meeting with Jinnah, "But he [Jinnah] was satisfied now. He thought that the present system would not work, and that a mistake had been committed in going so far."
The above statement proves that Jinnah was annoyed about the rights given to the States. He maintained that India did not need any final transfer of power, and that those who made such demands were unaware of the existing conditions. Democracy could not prevail in a country like India. It was a mistake to have held elections in the States and to have handed over the rights to the elected representatives. This statement of Jinnah was a godsend for the British. The British had prayed long and hard for an indigenous political party which would become the sworn enemy of democracy, support British policy, and be prepared to fight its enemies!
large number of tribals from Pakistan attacked Kashmir under the code name “Operation Gulmarg” to seize Kashmir. The invading tribals started moving along Rawalpindi-Murree-Muzaffarabad-Baramulla Road on 22 October 1947 with Pakistani army men in plain clothes. Muzaffarabad fell on 24 October 1947. They reached and captured Baramulla on 25 October. There they stayed for several days looting, raping, killing, burning, plundering and desecrating and vandalising shrines and temples instead of moving on to Srinagar 50 km away and capture its airfield which was not defended at all.


Rape of Baramulla: 
They raped and killed European nuns (only one survived) at Baramulla’s St. Joseph convent and Christian nurses at the missionary hospital. This savage orgy of loot, rape, murder and abduction of girls continued for several days. Baramulla suffered this savage orgy but saved the rest of Kashmir because the airplanes carrying the Indian troops airlifted from Delhi on the morning of 27 October could land at Srinagar airfield as the invaders were still at Baramulla.
While discussing about brutalities of the Tribal attack, Khawaja Abdul Samad said: ‘Hindus and Muslims were taking refuge in separate areas. Most of the properties that belonged to Hindus had been burnt down. Many Hindus and Sikhs had been mercilessly slaughtered and most of their bodies were still lying in their homes or on the streets. In the past two days, the tribesmen had dragged numerous bodies and thrown them into the river………..Their attack had totally devastated Muzaffarabad. The homes of Hindus and Muslims were looted, shops were plundered and all the stock loaded onto trucks. Places of worship were not spared; they entered and took whatever they considered to be of value. They tore down mandirs and desecrated masjids. In their lustful search for gold, silver and rupees they even used digging equipment to search beneath the stone floors of shops. Whatever they could find would be amassed in a collective place where tribal leaders would supervise the whole process. From here, everything would be loaded onto trucks and sent on their way to the North West Frontier Province. In Muzaffarabad and its surroundings, no Muslim home was spared from this tribal bounty-hunt.’ (Tribesmen steal from a Masjid – Mosque.)
Khawaja Abdul Samad, while discussing the loot and plunder carried out by the tribesmen who apparently came to Jammu and Kashmir for the purpose of ‘Jihad’ and to ‘liberate’ people of Jammu and Kashmir, explained how they even looted materials hidden in a Masjid.